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GY86CahAGI3xWjMtnArJqV6Z7Xh3muuJ7HPXkYxtwrTmVDgdD+AFGPRHMNQ1Bb9KuDIKBHTfQViAFPTrIQDH6DoSXLl4Lw3kuCGyCT9zP8A/8QALRABAAIAAwcDBQEBAAMAAAAAAQARITFhEEBBUXGR8SCBoTCxwdHw4VBgkLD/2gAIAQEAAT8Q/wDhQ4Ve5GLA5rrgi+BPIRzEhUS080VPMXu6I0iOv/OJkiJhBNAe6ZN77cygelMwkJ0shl9Id0RIDKXhsqTWiVKdyzShRqGHYgDySgrJnTAbqRtL4lDXz+B0ldq4CnPbVXC0CVijOuG5CyC9N4Oq3e5+odj/ADqnvLNQ5CkuErcVfxnLwlySoKNjTpL1ZJdu5382Hfxs5lfmPzt1uD4mMM2Pz+d0oN1eBKcY8VmxYEcEZszYUpTnn2mMpqfpK+hxWCbr4ub6zYQcQ9FYRQmst/bMmOaSfO7VLhf8f76MK8I989mmobn7NOy9vAfzttzwgvON903PPAzgnU1epjm1ZryJ1SCyJXoq4uHSIRQBxY2mPmyl9K+31z8gOJz1gb1ysYa3RpBeKHHFMmWVHAWZK6A5PLpLdmZD87qeXinf/PRyKsHth+JruN013WzX47iPoPIB9g7nhpgNvtsThQo4kOkDIJaItGQWsyt8Kg7zT9kSLu6Cf1E80SowcfqIhSJxJhj0s3eIibeH7bFXEeOTtGukjKJirwt/iAYsFTNCVO53JkFxbWf2D/doO5C4j+aLPdh3TPCa+hLLw+Rh6By0h7p+dzYHThGn0aGaQlg1UY11+r8GhcFcO4gYclpidISIaCkiCUgjDPYgnB2VpMBj1NztnR3mo7dzt0DZ3w2X6c7+N16tb7xysz7GCAGTjtUfNz8/iCIJk4/R+ZxqfFwb+0zF0f2nFzDD+FoKq1CA4sBTURpF5BKNJzM3aVIan6ekW+sOMCx3XAibQ6E/IqootXVRV4v0613WqvKZB72MDykAFADT1qcBzHkxRso4MT0AurcMLymTj1Emcj2zMn0EEckfpUo4RNIg+NttfET87Kf4hutP80dmqg+22w8fmK/M6YNvyKCZ8FoWfinJw96jslzPfoUmZDqy9tuNAT0cPzL6YOaB10Er1DBgMIiUnNdwuFN5jkzxr+54d/c8a/ucS+ikFwJ0smGIeV+lBzJjgrnghcToI1YnA8IhRFG3E2XBGSkyR9FMpHvmTL1xmbJ1ED8gP7nFToicGOkJyfsMzTrpyIuokQDRteWMwlPKjBEsbNNlXMqfBs9+n53W/k6bKzxb5f7Bg/JbOWtl/ecptqqBUNOMilzOkNAT5zVLfpOO0n2MLJgPuf79C7oFoMVVXMTE3YZ6AU8NPXZo2zqld1+vcRqil47NCQ747NNQ3Xq0Oy7lwe5/koI4fc/zccZ7VnUV+PSIUOAC4N+wEwB0EAWhNIDWQSNnpU7mKDF58JULoZENohyD1m25Rp+fi/zuHRxfDs5PFXthNEQ3bXdbP5SqZAxqfZ/3cbKbfsb+ZoQ16H0V/naLW22NgHOLffc8b8AGw6yHlxnMRzUJBULikCIJk+gY9Al8v8ANwteZS5OBcVPNGe/Du+u4TEzBVe5MPbTHWpx3C21kh1K/E6zx9FdjVEWpnrdMY1jTzUN17LCglKJBgHGIYRkn1gECGGyOcZiAYFg9SD2W4sGYPH0h6zusK6bJwj2C3ATWOLe3WgeirnI6J3bDcL+XD5nPIQe+Gy/kabvXebfeaHb8zDRSaq58/Wq58CSimGDLWNwBUBWdlEI8zEluPo9QOBBaIalzPh6oTHTHBmWg519Kuxzicf6mRFUtBgEDGW4cWPZnMGPVFc45YoeSS8MmGxYUzj+3+8Qau1pH/GFzHGBWO1wAc1grHW4NGY43d+XcP7Bxn9YmP42V6E3enYzmpY61MIqKHuX9DNh6EzuDxsEzSUbl+hZ8UtEy4LmlnwaD0gkROIzhQ6LhVSdVM6t5CoFCmfB9opzfTiHONYwRTOWBHZxpihYGeSZPqwMR+toQoAqA4RLKl6IXYtiWYysRmv8ASoreJamUIsTRv0l2bS8e0vqXqMuDNXYstp5KfmZN0TiPuQzg51jir1UJ9wT8TLOiE4k9KZkz98yR9VFGY9vVTyadj/ZnrNV9tnvxu6/l0bKHxb8v9mFuT8YSoUiAtRS+BtVqE+9Pf2nHXSH3Mxxsalz4jCvr5j0RWnNwgfuirmGzLNRUnONIaByY7dvFpLHimL0lXnjwBzgbUGfN5+qph0HJzIBCihkPXlH5AmJwZXAlxCxgmndVUw1XIwRVbW36ueczY9RMxHtmaD0wltyChotn2pj+Iv5YsAnHeU5fqY+ZXzs0VD43e88w7LeXR7n+R/6ass7jlYSABCjpFSc7v7tujbsc2EBQOyp0mpDsBAscEgM7MkuVQvqRndZpOXA0e3oYAugITocTnP0Q5pEPlWwnN1IiKJSZjuhDsk/Xo0so9sJriDeNd3svLndn0HWqO97moZdsRwIkFMRqcUvrAcw6TJh6NLlzrtBAFXADjCM1Hby+lS5p0HNgcYDHrAtUzXBW5qxeBcs3ige9v62qBbkYsZ7Nu6e/D8bwllc5pciXTme49BryAHuVueeApgDdZZAbN6oLIZmxsyJRDIek4pXWGFc/weivNM2+8r6S+H11FLoLWWt4BpufNS4TU2e2G3TBbL/4jvNN5t95QPD7GZ4mW2h+VPs3+YNg7oKNjTpMvQ5YobgvWMpJeC0wXHvTmjpMs50w2uDLcB4/1BRRgfUruMacDlul4cg/M53N3vjtpLMvy/Gyvlw7ed7UdJh+NvTK7k13O8dpC8JhQvMwYuuqCa2N7AFW/wCUMQCgcvqcFxg5vAl1p2u6JTzVZWHAPjbXdzS9vOz3cd5t5FT+7bK3xb8tus6djK9zJvpLS8zSFj7jE6SiYfb6Sy9xFRXFxd15RAPe/RyiDuuzTcbzauYdmiq9z/NuAGafEx1wR369PDicGKF55837hZXy3J6fRy5BRXBxd2F+Yu7Fei6+BhNNQ+ZlhvOqy2dYLs/7t6wX/BHZ39KFImSS2sB4RYF4PGfuCTJknqdWjtZhMWwcjgbqtCuRjLX0d2/xtUCsjGK1x35nRrfbekspyZZHEkzfgnuPQeULu5/wX7dGZ33NmM9cbz9NPYx0cXlu2mCmEHC7G3XQ+2y3Rvfe69zt3mhC/MGy9tU8R8MzxP8Ag4HTByhyphV0DhesEQRsdhsTKObGaVLV4u7XpyCazt3O2ocr5f5sr5um+4OoQ+NtgeL3E1TH/Dqcbm4kEA2cLy6RYehbfDrHNeGac93p59WaTB8bareYvY/3ZfeZd76fU2Zi4+x2jJaOg5yv3jY+f+JjJZxXGCTTrFmct4MMRF11hFcUJt/kK3ZpmN7tXIdlr87uf5srWAP92OgVasdgrKqPHP7g9E5i/c0vf+5p++abvmm75p/R9V1U6udTOq9BDWu01axoOyDWWkbKMb9KAiwcCwmo7E1HYmImJfb6KnADCtJqOxP4BBgghxMCI59lEc48zuqdB2QMAPE9NrEQ1M6udR6Kq+jnTd803fNL3zS937jQY4K/c8U/uIizZWm1dHUhBBWJst3AQexNNw3zVB7MYeL2f9laK9k6ukYKq1duDxHHWcEljIAn8hP5Cf0E/pJ5EnmCeMTVdk13ZNRGp7zV95r+81karvLgEBQQJLFIAAUEauNRFjNl53NJmkxAM3cOhP6SeZJ5onmieanmp5qeaIL0CH2leaV5odowKjWRrIvVA2N3NJgtujg3NX3nkp5Secnmp5qeUnnJ5onkieaJ5sn8ZP7CfxEyhjgHorzav9yDxFYk1uX5ld5N7y5wHVmbd+JcPsMopauGADgwFcCKXDGNW5pWaROjNXZtVNZ3mo7y3m7rnfRfabvbzlvN7zWd5rpqprwIySKyvnDlEVUtUzhzdkHGH3g2YfaCcR1UMtAzg6Mz+qtFuUviz0jvkMZyZ0KmZD3mLm+ih63v+d1+j9pv499XryZdGZB72Myx7VRWCajGV4DT6LkrEphGzTlHG70xmQrqeqovM3/7z9HO6G/mnXH6AsgvQn3klTJJ7yj4lmuP1c2PtOBTphFZV6MeGfWmK/ZFZg3OyI5LCXA9IQ4ohn2ogz7TKc6+zNHNLNLNPNP2njJ4SeEnhJ4SeMniJ4qeKngp4KeGnhp46eOnjp4yaTtNB2gBkV9FTMH2mk7TxE8ZPHTx08NPDTw08FPBTwU8VPETxE8JPCTwk8JPGTTTTzTTTzSzQzQyzKBsuwwbl2GD5QCAVDmkFzB1g4h+7DiD2IfhBA5r7zmXqzJu3DIA6G+UcjtFc+1Fs5lM+zsRTh7s/gp5pNGXKe+P+qbdjx01HbYLQtydp4aeOnimf2s/tZ/Wz+N2m/lZ5WeVnlfSqqf9bP62f0s/tZ4hnip46aXtLcnbYKc0antPHbN/jIf6pOdf3hEazugXD3YHAL9MBy7cCy7EAyHb/wB/qU1/5GFoT//Z)
Estima-se que os gastos com "Compre agora, pague depois" cheguem a US$ 1 trilhão globalmente até 2025, mas pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos. Crédito: Pixabay
As plataformas "Compre agora, pague depois", como Afterpay e Affirm, oferecem aos consumidores acesso quase instantâneo ao crédito para compras no varejo sem uma verificação de crédito rígida. Embora os gastos do BNPL sejam projetados para atingir US$ 1 trilhão globalmente até 2025, pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos.
O BNPL, que normalmente aparece como uma opção durante a finalização da compra no site de um varejista, na maioria das vezes exige um pagamento adiantado seguido de três pagamentos quinzenais. Embora não haja taxas se os pagamentos forem feitos no prazo, os pagamentos não efetuados podem resultar em taxas atrasadas do provedor de BNPL e taxas de saque a descoberto do banco do cliente.
O total de empréstimos BNPL emitidos pelos maiores provedores dos EUA triplicou em um único ano, de US$ 8,3 bilhões em 2020 para US$ 24,2 bilhões em 2021. O BNPL pode beneficiar consumidores sem crédito ou substituir cartões de crédito de alta taxa ou empréstimos consignados, mas também pode permitir que os clientes gastar demais e enfrentar as consequências financeiras .
Pesquisas anteriores mostram que 70% dos usuários relatam gastar mais com o BNPL do que gastariam de outra forma, 42% perderam pagamentos e 25% se inscreveram no BNPL para evitar uma consulta difícil, que pode afetar a pontuação de crédito de uma pessoa e permanecer em um relatório de crédito por até a dois anos. As verificações suaves não afetam as pontuações de crédito.
Ed deHaan, professor associado de contabilidade na Foster School of Business da Universidade de Washington, tem estudado o impacto do BNPL na saúde financeira. Sua pesquisa conclui que, em comparação com os não usuários, os usuários do BNPL enfrentaram aumentos rápidos nas cobranças de cheque especial bancário e juros e taxas de cartão de crédito.
Antes da maior temporada de gastos no varejo do ano, a UW News conversou com deHaan para saber mais sobre o BNPL.
Quais são os riscos envolvidos com o BNPL?
Ed deHaan: As empresas de tecnologia financeira estão fazendo coisas incríveis e apresentando todos os tipos de produtos que podem melhorar nossas vidas e nos tornar mais felizes e melhores. Mas também há alguns riscos envolvidos, especialmente quando as empresas com fins lucrativos começam a entrar nos espaços cotidianos da economia doméstica.
Aqui temos uma inovação, Compre agora e pague depois, que devido a algumas peculiaridades do sistema regulatório não se enquadra nos regulamentos existentes que temos para produtos como cartões de crédito. Portanto, é uma espécie de rédea solta. Este não é um produto que o sistema regulatório financeiro antecipou. O que estamos vendo é que, em sua versão atual, muitos consumidores estão adotando o BNPL sem realmente ter conhecimento financeiro ou acesso a recursos para entender o que estão usando e estão se metendo em problemas financeiros.
Como a pesquisa pode contribuir para o futuro do BNPL enquanto ele continua a crescer em popularidade?
ED: Não é nenhuma surpresa que algumas pessoas tenham se preocupado com o efeito do BNPL nos usuários por vários motivos. Vimos repetidas vezes que, quando começamos a dar crédito fácil aos consumidores, muitas pessoas o usam muito bem. Mas há um número significativo de usuários que acabam em dificuldades financeiras. Vimos isso para hipotecas. Vimos isso para cartões de crédito. Recentemente, ensinei a meus alunos um caso sobre os cartões de crédito da Sears na década de 1990 e como a empresa se meteu em muitos problemas por meio de empréstimos predatórios e práticas antiéticas de cobrança de dívidas. Temos muitas evidências de que isso acontece repetidamente. O BNPL é apenas mais uma versão do crédito fácil, e suspeitamos que algumas pessoas estão sendo prejudicadas por isso.
Os reguladores estão claramente preocupados com isso porque este produto cai nas brechas da regulamentação existente. Acho que se alguém tivesse antecipado o BNPL, já teria sido regulamentado. O debate atual nos Estados Unidos e em todo o mundo pelos reguladores não é tanto se algo precisa ser feito para regulamentar o BNPL, mas sim até que ponto esses regulamentos devem ir.
Nossas análises indicam declínios bastante acentuados e repentinos nos principais indicadores de saúde financeira para pessoas que adotam o BNPL. Não podemos dizer nada amplamente sobre se essas pessoas na rede estão em melhor ou pior situação. Isso é muito difícil. Por exemplo, se eles estiverem usando esse crédito para pagar a fórmula infantil, eles podem estar melhor em geral. Mas, certamente, o BNPL parece ter todos os principais indicadores de um produto financeiro que pode causar problemas às pessoas.
Mais informações: Ed deHaan et al, Compre agora, pague (dor?) depois, SSRN Electronic Journal (2022). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4230633