Apesar dos estereótipos, a velocidade da fala não tem nada a ver com inteligência
A cultura pop está repleta de exemplos de pessoas que falam muito rápido. Tem a personagem Judy Grimes interpretada por Kristen Wiig no “Saturday Night Live”, ou aquele cara da década de 1980 que fez comerciais para Micro Machines e FedEx .
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Pixabay
A cultura pop está repleta de exemplos de pessoas que falam muito rápido. Tem a personagem Judy Grimes interpretada por Kristen Wiig no “Saturday Night Live”, ou aquele cara da década de 1980 que fez comerciais para Micro Machines e FedEx . Claro, também existem falantes extremamente lentos, como a preguiça em "Zootopia" e o desenho animado basset hound Droopy .
Faladores rápidos da vida real são essenciais em algumas profissões.Leiloeiros e locutores esportivos são conhecidos por sua entrega rápida, embora os comentários mais lentos no golfe mostrem que há uma variedade para diferentes esportes.
Como professores de inglês que estudam variações linguísticas , sabemos que a rapidez com que uma pessoa fala é um fenômeno complicado. Depende de uma série de fatores, incluindo os tipos de palavras utilizadas, a língua falada, as diferenças regionais , as variáveis ??sociais e as necessidades profissionais.
Países diferentes, velocidades diferentes
A velocidade da fala refere-se à velocidade com que um falante verbaliza o "discurso conectado" - essencialmente qualquer coisa mais do que uma frase. É medido contando segmentos de som e pausas em um período de tempo específico. Normalmente, esses segmentos são contados como sílabas. Lembra das sílabas de bater palmas na escola primária? SÍLA-LA-BLES.
Os linguistas descobriram que os humanos variam a velocidade da fala nas frases em todos os idiomas. Por exemplo, a maioria das pessoas diminui a velocidade da fala antes de dizer substantivos . Os pesquisadores também descobriram que os idiomas têm velocidades de fala diferentes quando os falantes leem em voz alta. Demonstrou-se que o francês, o espanhol e o japonês têm velocidades médias de fala elevadas – com cerca de oito sílabas faladas por segundo. Alemão, vietnamita e mandarim apresentaram taxas mais lentas – com cerca de cinco sílabas por segundo. O inglês ficou no meio, com uma taxa média de 6,19 sílabas por segundo.
Também existe variação global nos dialetos de um idioma. Em inglês, por exemplo, um estudo descobriu que os neozelandeses eram os que falavam mais rápido , seguidos pelos falantes do inglês britânico, depois pelos americanos e, finalmente, pelos australianos.
Estereótipos não se sustentam
Muitas pessoas têm expectativas e suposições sobre as diferentes velocidades de fala nos dialetos ingleses. Por exemplo, há o “sotaque arrastado” frequentemente observado daqueles que vivem no Sul dos EUA . O termo fala arrastada denota um ritmo de fala mais lento e prolongado. E, de fato, algumas pesquisas apoiam esta percepção. Um estudo descobriu que os participantes do oeste da Carolina do Norte falavam mais devagar do que os participantes de Wisconsin.
Outra investigação demonstrou que alguns sulistas podem falar mais devagar apenas em determinados contextos – por exemplo, podem fazer pausas com mais frequência quando lêem em voz alta . E certas vogais alongadas nos dialetos do sul da América também podem diminuir a velocidade da fala. Isso pode ser ouvido na pronúncia de “nice” como algo como “nahhce”.
Algumas pessoas presumem que todos os sulistas falam devagar e apresentam essas características. Isto talvez se deva, pelo menos em parte, à perpetuação de estereótipos e caricaturas na mídia popular, como Cletus, o caipira estereotipado de “Os Simpsons”.
Mas é importante reconhecer que o idioma também varia dentro das regiões, incluindo o Sul dos EUA. Por exemplo, um estudo envolvendo habitantes da Carolina do Norte descobriu que os falantes do oeste e centro da Carolina do Norte falavam mais devagar do que os das partes leste e sul do estado . E alguns habitantes da Carolina do Norte falaram tão rápido quanto os habitantes de Ohio - sugerindo que o estereótipo do sulista de fala lenta nem sempre se sustenta.
Idade, sexo e outras variáveis
O sexo e o género também podem influenciar as taxas de fala, embora os resultados também tenham sido conflitantes aqui. Algumas pesquisas mostram que os homens falam mais rápido que as mulheres , enquanto outros estudos não encontram diferença significativa na velocidade de fala entre os sexos.
A variável demográfica que parece ter impacto mais significativo e consistente é a idade. Falamos devagar quando somos crianças, aceleramos na adolescência e falamos mais rápido aos 40 anos. Então desaceleramos novamente quando chegamos aos 50 e 60 anos .
Embora a geografia, o género e a idade possam afectar as velocidades de fala em certos casos, o contexto também desempenha um papel. Por exemplo, certas profissões usam tradições de fórmulas orais , o que significa que há um roteiro estrutural ao realizar esses trabalhos. Uma pessoa comum pode falar tão rápido quanto um leiloeiro – 5,3 sílabas por segundo – ao dizer algo que já disse muitas vezes antes.
No entanto, os leiloeiros usam certos padrões de fala que fazem parecer que falam incrivelmente rápido. Eles têm poucas pausas na fala e repetem as mesmas palavras com frequência. Eles também usam frases e ritmos desconhecidos, o que faz com que os ouvintes tenham que processar o que foi dito muito depois de o leiloeiro passar para o próximo tópico. E os leiloeiros têm uma taxa de articulação constante – o que significa que raramente param de falar.
Embora o reconhecimento das diferenças nas velocidades de fala possa ajudar as pessoas a compreender melhor as identidades linguísticas, culturais e profissionais, também tem aplicações tecnológicas e outras. Pense em como os cientistas da computação devem programar Alexa e Siri para produzir e reconhecer fala em ritmos diferentes. Falar mais devagar também pode melhorar a compreensão auditiva para alunos iniciantes e intermediários.
Talvez a conclusão mais valiosa ao considerar a variação da velocidade de fala seja o fato de que as percepções linguísticas nem sempre correspondem à realidade. Esta é uma perspectiva que frequentemente enfatizamos no nosso próprio trabalho porque os estereótipos linguísticos podem levar a suposições sobre a origem de uma pessoa .
Estudos recentes sobre a percepção dos dialetos dos EUA confirmam que, apesar da variação nas taxas de fala dentro das regiões, as pessoas persistem em rotular grandes regiões do Sul como “lentas” e o Norte e Centro-Oeste como “rápidas”. Além disso, estas avaliações também estão normalmente associadas a estereótipos negativos . Os que falam devagar são frequentemente considerados menos inteligentes ou competentes do que os que falam rápido, enquanto os que falam muito rápido podem ser vistos como menos verdadeiros ou bondosos.
Não há nenhuma conexão inerente entre a velocidade da fala e os níveis de inteligência, veracidade ou bondade. O uso da linguagem difere por vários motivos, e as diferenças não são deficiências.