Excitar o cérebro pode ser a chave para impulsionar o aprendizado da matemática, diz novo estudo
Excitar uma região do cérebro usando estimulação de ruído elétrico pode ajudar a melhorar o aprendizado matemático naqueles que têm dificuldades com o assunto, de acordo com um novo estudo das Universidades de Surrey e Oxford...
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)
E/I e o expoente aperiódico. (A) Uma visão simplificada da diferença entre atividade periódica e aperiódica no espectro de frequência de potência do EEG. (B) O expoente aperiódico no espaço log-log conforme mostrado no espectro EEG. (C) e (D) são adaptados com permissão de Gao e colegas [28], que mostram que E/I alto está relacionado a um expoente aperiódico mais plano (mais próximo de zero) e E/I baixo (ou seja, alta inibição) a um expoente negativamente íngreme, em comparação com o LFP. EEG, eletroencefalograma; E/I, excitação/inibição; LFP, potencial de campo local. Crédito: PLOS Biologia (2023). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002193
Excitar uma região do cérebro usando estimulação de ruído elétrico pode ajudar a melhorar o aprendizado matemático naqueles que têm dificuldades com o assunto, de acordo com um novo estudo das Universidades de Surrey e Oxford, da Universidade de Loughborough e da Universidade de Radboud, na Holanda.
Durante este estudo único, publicado na PLOS Biology , os pesquisadores investigaram o impacto da neuroestimulação na aprendizagem. Apesar do crescente interesse por esta técnica não invasiva, pouco se sabe sobre as alterações neurofisiológicas induzidas e o efeito que tem na aprendizagem.
Os pesquisadores descobriram que a estimulação por ruído elétrico na parte frontal do cérebro melhorou a habilidade matemática de pessoas cujo cérebro estava menos excitado (pela matemática) antes da aplicação da estimulação. Nenhuma melhora nas pontuações matemáticas foi identificada naqueles que apresentaram alto nível de excitação cerebral durante a avaliação inicial ou nos grupos placebo. Os pesquisadores acreditam que a estimulação do ruído elétrico atua nos canais de sódio do cérebro, interferindo na membrana celular dos neurônios, o que aumenta a excitabilidade cortical.
O professor Roi Cohen Kadosh, professor de neurociência cognitiva e chefe da Escola de Psicologia da Universidade de Surrey que liderou este projeto, disse: "Aprender é a chave para tudo o que fazemos na vida - desde o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades, como dirigir um carro, para aprender a codificar.Nossos cérebros estão constantemente absorvendo e adquirindo novos conhecimentos.
“Anteriormente, mostramos que a capacidade de aprendizagem de uma pessoa está associada à excitação neuronal em seus cérebros. O que queríamos descobrir neste caso é se nosso novo protocolo de estimulação poderia impulsionar, em outras palavras, excitar, essa atividade e melhorar as habilidades matemáticas. "
Para o estudo, foram recrutados 102 participantes e suas habilidades matemáticas foram avaliadas por meio de uma série de problemas de multiplicação. Os participantes foram então divididos em quatro grupos, incluindo um grupo de aprendizagem exposto à estimulação de ruído elétrico aleatório de alta frequência e um grupo de superaprendizagem no qual os participantes praticaram a multiplicação além do ponto de domínio com estimulação de ruído elétrico aleatório de alta frequência.
Os dois grupos restantes consistiam em um grupo de aprendizagem e superaprendizagem, mas foram expostos a uma condição simulada (ou seja, placebo), uma experiência semelhante à estimulação real sem aplicação de correntes elétricas significativas. As gravações de EEG foram feitas no início e no final da estimulação para medir a atividade cerebral.
Nienke van Bueren, da Radboud University, que liderou este trabalho sob a supervisão do professor Cohen Kadosh, disse: “Essas descobertas destacam que indivíduos com menor excitabilidade cerebral podem ser mais receptivos à estimulação sonora, levando a melhores resultados de aprendizagem, enquanto aqueles com alta a excitabilidade cerebral pode não experimentar os mesmos benefícios em suas habilidades matemáticas”.
O professor Cohen Kadosh acrescenta: "O que descobrimos é como funciona esta neuroestimulação promissora e sob quais condições o protocolo de estimulação é mais eficaz. Esta descoberta pode não apenas abrir caminho para uma abordagem mais personalizada na jornada de aprendizagem de uma pessoa, mas também lançar luz sobre o momento e a duração ideais de sua aplicação."
Mais informações: Nienke ER van Bueren et al, Equilíbrio de excitação/inibição neuronal humana explica e prevê benefícios de aprendizagem induzidos por neuroestimulação, PLOS Biology (2023). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002193
Informações do periódico: PLoS Biology