Os esferoides calcários de 'Ubeidiya: imposição intencional de geometria simétrica pelos primeiros hominídeos?
Esferoides de calcário, artefatos líticos enigmáticos do passado antigo, têm deixado os arqueólogos perplexos há anos. Embora se estendam do Oldowan ao Paleolítico Médio, o propósito por trás de sua criação continua sendo um assunto de intenso debate
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Esferoides. Crédito: Autores do artigo
Esferóides de calcário, artefatos líticos enigmáticos do passado antigo, têm deixado os arqueólogos perplexos há anos. Embora se estendam do Oldowan ao Paleolítico Médio, o propósito por trás de sua criação continua sendo um assunto de intenso debate.
Agora, um estudo conduzido por uma equipe do Laboratório de Arqueologia Computacional da Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém, em colaboração com pesquisadores do Tel Hai College e da Universidade Rovira i Virgili, busca lançar luz sobre esses objetos misteriosos, oferecendo insights sobre as intenções e habilidades de primeiros hominídeos.
Os esferoides estão entre os artefatos arqueológicos mais duradouros, porém menos compreendidos , muitas vezes considerados como subprodutos de tarefas de percussão. No entanto, a investigação da equipa desafia esta sabedoria convencional. A questão central deste estudo é se esses esferoides eram subprodutos não intencionais ou ferramentas criadas intencionalmente, projetadas para fins específicos.
Para responder a esta questão, métodos de análise 3D de última geração, incluindo harmônicos esféricos e curvatura de superfície, foram aplicados a uma coleção de 150 esferoides calcários do sítio arqueológico de 'Ubeidiya, que remonta a aproximadamente 1,4 milhão de anos atrás . Esses métodos foram desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Arqueologia Computacional da Universidade Hebraica, dirigido pela professora Leore Grosman.
'Ubeidiya é atualmente reconhecida como a ocorrência acheuliana mais antiga conhecida fora da África, tornando-a um local crucial para investigar a evolução da tecnologia dos primeiros hominídeos .
A equipe de pesquisa reconstruiu meticulosamente a sequência de redução do esferóide com base nas tendências observadas nas facetas e na geometria da cicatriz. As suas descobertas revelaram um padrão notável: os esferoides em 'Ubeidiya foram criados com uma estratégia de redução premeditada.
Ao contrário da noção de que eram subprodutos acidentais, os esferoides não se tornaram mais lisos durante a sua fabricação; em vez disso, tornaram-se marcadamente mais esféricos. Esta transformação em direção a uma esfera ideal exigiu habilidades excepcionais de desbaste e um objetivo claro e pré-concebido.
Esta descoberta desafia as crenças existentes sobre as capacidades dos primeiros hominídeos e a sua relação com a tecnologia. Embora se pense tradicionalmente que os bifaces acheulianos representam a evidência mais antiga de hominídeos impondo formas simétricas intencionais à pedra, a produção intencional de objetos semelhantes a esferas em 'Ubeidiya sugere da mesma forma que esses primeiros hominídeos desejavam e alcançaram geometria e simetria intencionais na pedra .
Esferoides ligeiramente mais antigos existem em locais na África. Se essa mesma intencionalidade puder ser demonstrada ali, isso representaria a evidência mais antiga de hominídeos desejando e alcançando formas simétricas em pedra.
A pesquisa da equipe abre novos caminhos para a compreensão das habilidades cognitivas e das conquistas tecnológicas de nossos ancestrais distantes. Também levanta questões sobre o propósito e o significado desses esferoides na vida diária dos primeiros hominídeos.
As descobertas foram publicadas na revista Royal Society Open Science .
Mais informações: Os esferoides calcários de 'Ubeidiya: imposição intencional de geometria simétrica pelos primeiros hominídeos?, Royal Society Open Science (2023). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230671 . royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230671
Informações do jornal: Royal Society Open Science