A moda de sapatos pontudos desencadeou uma praga de joanetes na Gra£-Bretanha medieval
Os arqueólogos analisaram 177 esqueletos de cemitanãrios dentro e ao redor da cidade de Cambridge e descobriram que apenas 6% dos indivíduos enterrados entre os séculos 11 e 13 tinham evidaªncias da aflia§a£o.
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)
Ossos medievais escavados do pémostrando ha¡lux valgo, com desvio lateral do deda£o do panã. Crédito: Jenna Dittmar
Os brita¢nicos sofreram com sua moda durante séculos, de acordo com um novo estudo que sugere que a moda de sapatos com pontas pontiagudas levou a um aumento acentuado do ha¡lux valgo do deda£o do pé- frequentemente chamado de joanetes - no final do período medieval.
Os pesquisadores que investigam os restos mortais em Cambridge, no Reino Unido, descobriram que aqueles enterrados no centro da cidade, particularmente em terrenos para cidada£os e clanãrigos mais ricos, eram muito mais propensos a ter joanetes - sugerindo que os urbanos ricos pagaram um prea§o mais alto por seus cala§ados de várias maneiras. .
Uma equipe da Universidade de Cambridge também descobriu que pessoas medievais mais velhas com ha¡lux valgo eram significativamente mais propensas a ter um osso quebrado devido a uma prova¡vel queda em comparação com pessoas da mesma idade com panãs normais.
O ha¡lux valgo éuma deformidade menor em que o dedo maior do péfica inclinado para fora e uma protusão a³ssea se forma em sua base, na parte interna do panã.
Embora vários fatores possam predispor alguém aos joanetes, da genanãtica ao desequilabrio muscular, de longe a causa contemporâneamais comum são botas e sapatos constritivos. A condição éfrequentemente associada ao uso de salto alto .
Os arqueólogos analisaram 177 esqueletos de cemitanãrios dentro e ao redor da cidade de Cambridge e descobriram que apenas 6% dos indivíduos enterrados entre os séculos 11 e 13 tinham evidaªncias da aflição. No entanto, 27% dos que datam dos séculos 14 e 15 foram afetados por ha¡lux valgo de longa data.
Os pesquisadores apontam que o estilo do cala§ado mudou significativamente durante o século 14 : mudando de uma caixa de biqueira arredondada funcional para uma ponta pontiaguda mais longa e elegante.
Em um artigo publicado hoje no International Journal of Paleopathology , a equipe do projeto After the Plague da Universidade de Cambridge argumenta que esses sapatos "poulaine" impulsionaram o surgimento dos joanetes na Gra£-Bretanha medieval.
"O século 14 trouxe uma abunda¢ncia de novos estilos de roupas e cala§ados em uma ampla gama de tecidos e cores. Entre essas tendaªncias da moda estavam os sapatos de bico longo chamados poulaines", disse o co-autor do estudo, Dr. Piers Mitchell, do Departamento de Cambridge. Arqueologia.
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"Os restos de sapatos escavados em lugares como Londres e Cambridge sugerem que no final do século 14 quase todo tipo de cala§ado era pelo menos ligeiramente pontudo - um estilo comum tanto para adultos quanto para criana§as."
“Investigamos asmudanças que ocorreram entre o alto e o final do período medieval e percebemos que o aumento do ha¡lux valgo ao longo do tempo deve ter sido devido a introdução desses novos estilos de cala§adosâ€, disse Mitchell.
A primeira autora, Dra. Jenna Dittmar, que conduziu o trabalho enquanto estava em Cambridge, disse: "Na³s pensamos nos joanetes como um problema moderno, mas este trabalho mostra que na verdade era uma das condições mais comuns de ter afetado adultos medievais."
Os restos mortais vieram de quatro locais diferentes ao redor de Cambridge: um hospital de caridade (agora parte do St John's College); o terreno de um antigo convento agostiniano, onde o clero e ricos benfeitores foram enterrados; um cemitanãrio paroquial local no que era o limite da cidade; e um cemitanãrio rural perto de uma vila 6 km ao sul de Cambridge.
Os pesquisadores realizaram "avaliações paleopatola³gicas", incluindo a inspeção dos ossos do pépara a protubera¢ncia do deda£o do panã, que éa marca registrada do ha¡lux valgo.
Eles encontraram uma escala ma³vel de prevalaªncia de joanetes ligada a riqueza dos enterrados em cada local. Apenas 3% do cemitanãrio rural apresentava sinais, 10% do cemitanãrio paroquial (onde estavam principalmente os trabalhadores pobres), chegando a 23% dos que estavam no local do hospital.
No entanto, quase metade das pessoas enterradas no convento - cerca de 43% - incluindo cinco dos onze indivíduos identificados como clanãrigos pelas fivelas de seus cintos, carregavam a marca do joanete.
"As regras para o traje dos frades agostinianos incluaam cala§ados 'pretos e presos por uma tanga no tornozelo', compatavel com um estilo de vida de adoração e pobreza", disse Mitchell.
"No entanto, nos séculos 13 e 14 era cada vez mais comum para aqueles em ordens clericais na Gra£-Bretanha usar roupas elegantes - um motivo de preocupação entre os altos funciona¡rios da Igreja."
Em 1215, a igreja proibiu o clero de usar sapatos de bico fino. Isso pode ter feito pouco para conter a tendaªncia, pois vários decretos adicionais sobre indiscrições no vestua¡rio clerical tiveram de ser aprovados, principalmente em 1281 e 1342.
"A adoção de roupas da moda pelo clero era tão comum que gerou craticas na literatura contempora¢nea, como visto na descrição de Chaucer do monge nos Contos de Canterbury", disse Mitchell.
Em toda a sociedade medieval tardia, a pontaria dos sapatos tornou-se tão extrema que em 1463 o rei Eduardo IV aprovou uma lei limitando o comprimento da ponta do péa menos de cinco centametros em Londres.
A maioria dos restos mortais com sinais de ha¡lux valgo em todos os locais e anãpocas do estudo eram homens (20 do total de 31 pacientes com joanetes). A pesquisa também sugere que os custos de saúde da moda dos panãs não se limitavam aos joanetes.
A Dra. Jenna Dittmar descobriu que os restos do esqueleto com ha¡lux valgo também eram mais propensos a mostrar sinais de fraturas que geralmente resultam de uma queda, por exemplo, nos membros superiores, indicando que um indivaduo caiu para frente sobre os braa§os estendidos.
Essa associação são foi considerada significativa entre aqueles que morreram com mais de 45 anos, sugerindo que as escolhas de moda juvenis voltaram para assombrar a meia-idade, mesmo na anãpoca medieval.
"Pesquisas clanicas modernas em pacientes com ha¡lux valgo mostraram que a deformidade torna mais difacil o equilabrio e aumenta o risco de quedas em pessoas idosas", disse Dittmar. "Isso explicaria o maior número de ossos quebrados curados que encontramos em esqueletos medievais com essa condição."