5.011 entrevistados na Alemanha, Frana§a, Pola´nia e Suanãcia participaram da pesquisa, que o Cluster of Excellence conduziu com a
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)
Crédito: Cluster de Excelaªncia "Religia£o e Polatica".
Uma pesquisa internacional do Cluster de Excelaªncia "Religia£o e Polatica" da Universidade de Ma¼nster fornece a primeira evidência emparica de uma clivagem polatica relacionada a identidade das sociedades europeias que resultou no surgimento de dois campos entrincheirados de tamanho substancial. “Vemos dois grupos distintos com posições opostas, que chamamos de 'Defensores' e 'Exploradores', diz a psica³loga Mitja Back, porta-voz da equipe de pesquisa interdisciplinar que conduziu a pesquisa mais abrangente sobre conflitos de identidade na Europa atéhoje. “Quem pertence ao nossopaís, quem ameaça quem, quem estãoem desvantagem? Em todas essas questões de identidade, as análises iniciais da pesquisa revelam uma nova linha de conflito entre os dois grupos, que tem opiniaµes quase diametralmente opostas. Em debates sobre identidade, essas opiniaµes se endureceram em conflitos aparentemente irreconcilia¡veis. O estudo pode abrir novos caminhos para lidar com esses conflitos. "
Os dois campos juntos representam uma proporção significativa de cidada£os em todos ospaíses: mais de um tera§o na Alemanha e quase três quartos na Pola´nia. Em estados democra¡ticos liberais como a Alemanha, a proporção de "Defensores" éde 20% e a de "Exploradores", de 14%. Na Frana§a e na Suanãcia, 14% e 29% de "Defensores" e 11% e 15% de "Exploradores" Numpaís semiautorita¡rio como a Pola³nia, onde segundo os investigadores o governo da¡ apoio populista a s “Opiniaµes dos defensores, a proporção dos dois grupos combinados éde 72%. “Isso mostra o quanto o conflito pode escalar em umpaís: as posições polarizadas podem crescer e formar a maioriaâ€, diz Mitja Back. "a identidade também implica sentimentos de desvantagem e desconfiana§a, portanto, variam dependendo do sistema polatico. Isso sugere que os conflitos de identidade estãoabertos a influaªncia polatica. "
Quem são "Exploradores" e "Defensores"?
5.011 entrevistados na Alemanha, Frana§a, Pola´nia e Suanãcia participaram da pesquisa, que o Cluster of Excellence conduziu com a "Kantar Deutschland" no final de 2020. Seus autores são os socia³logos Detlef Pollack e Olaf Ma¼ller, os psica³logos Mitja Back e Gerald Echterhoff e o cientista polatico Bernd Schlipphak. Seu relatório de trabalho, "Dos defensores e exploradores: Um conflito de identidade sobre pertencimento e ameaa§a", fornece os resultados iniciais. Com base nos resultados detalhados de mais de 20 questões examinadas, eles usaram análises de agrupamento para formar grupos que incluaam pessoas com atitudes muito semelhantes e exibindo fortes diferenças umas das outras. Isso gerou os padraµes de "Exploradores" e "Defensores" em todas as questões.
Em todos ospaíses, o grupo "Defensor" endossa amplamente uma definição restrita de quem pertence ao seupaís, com apenas aqueles pertencentes que nasceram nopaís, tem ancestrais da maioria anãtnico-nacional e / ou pertencem a religia£o dominante. Portanto, defendem critanãrios tradicionais como homogeneidade anãtnica e religiosa. Ao mesmo tempo, “os defensores se sentem ameaa§ados por estrangeiros, como mua§ulmanos e refugiados, e se consideram em desvantagem. Eles também estãomais insatisfeitos com a democracia e mais desconfiados das instituições políticas.
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O grupo "Explorer ', por outro lado, rejeita uma definição restrita de pertencimento com base em critanãrios etno-religiosos. Seus membros não se sentem ameaa§ados por estrangeiros, mas vaªem a imigração e a crescente diversidade como uma oportunidade, e também defendem uma sociedade com muitas noções de vida orientadas para a igualdade. Eles se consideram bem representados pelo sistema polatico, estãomais satisfeitos com a democracia e são mais propensos a confiar nas instituições políticas. No entanto, na Pola´nia semiautorita¡ria, onde o governo fornece apoio populista a s "Posições dos defensores sobre homogeneidade anãtnico-religiosa e proteção contra estrangeiros, os" Exploradores também se sentem prejudicados e insatisfeitos com a democracia e o governo.
Os dois grupos também diferem fortemente em termos culturais, religiosos, psicola³gicos e sociais, com "Defensores em todos ospaíses sendo muito mais ligados ao lar e a religia£o do que" Exploradores ". Os primeiros também tem uma preferaªncia mais forte por hierarquias sociais e confiam em outras pessoas. menos, enquanto o inverso éverdadeiro para o último. "Os exploradores também tendem a ser muito jovens, com altonívelde educação, mais propensos a morar em uma cidade e menos propensos a serem afetados por dificuldades socioecona´micas. Exceto na Pola´nia, "Defensores" tem mais probabilidade do que "Exploradores" de serem encontrados entre os idosos e os de baixa escolaridade. Eles tendem a viver em áreas rurais e, novamente com exceção da Pola´nia, consideram-se ter um status social inferior.
Efeitos polaticos e recomendações
O conflito cultural também tem fortes efeitos polaticos: "Os defensores favorecem os partidos populistas e acreditam muito mais no conceito de um" lider forte "; eles também são propensos a teorias da conspiração e defendem elementos da democracia direta." Exploradores tem pontos de vista diametralmente opostos . Por exemplo, 26% dos "defensores" na Alemanha e 57% na Pola´nia provavelmente votara£o em um partido populista, enquanto "os exploradores tendem a não votar."
Segundo os pesquisadores, isso pode representar conceitos fundamentalmente diferentes da polatica: "Conceitos de favor dos defensores mais alinhados com as ideias anti-pluralistas que afirmam que os regulamentos polaticos devem expressar uma única vontade popular;" Exploradores ", em contraste, compartilham atitudes mais compataveis com ideias pluralistas que afirmam que a polatica éum processo de negociação e compromisso entre diferentes interesses. Mitja Voltar: “O posicionamento de uma pessoa no conflito como 'Explorador' ou 'Defensor' pode ter um forte impacto na forma de democracia desejada. Os conflitos culturais sobre a identidade, portanto, se tornaram muito arraigados politicamente e agora estruturam as visaµes sociais e políticas da população em uma extensão significativa. "
Ao vincular seus resultados a outros insights da pesquisa atual, os autores veem as posições polarizadas como sendo enraizadas em necessidades psicológicas fundamentais e bastante esta¡veis ​​de força varia¡vel, como segurança e estabilidade ("Defensores), ou abertura e mudança (" Exploradores " ) De acordo com o relatório, isso implica que as sociedades são sempre compostas por uma mistura de "Exploradores" e "Defensores". Em contraste com os conflitos mais materiais, o conflito de identidade anã, portanto, mais difacil de negociar, especialmente quando as ideias de identidade são enquadradas em termos religiosos ou fundamentalistas. O conflito de identidade também éexacerbado pelos efeitos da globalização, como a migração, cada vez mais supranacional em vez de políticas nacionais, e crises como a crise financeira e a pandemia COVID-19. "
Os pesquisadores, portanto, pedem aos polaticos que se abstenham de tomar um dos lados. Nem nas democracias liberais nem nospaíses autorita¡rios isso levou a movimentos em conflitos enraizados, já que pelo menos um grupo sempre se sente excluado. Em vez disso, éimportante levar a sanãrio as necessidades psicológicas subjacentes de ambos os lados e entendaª-las como recursos sociais, enquanto rastreia as demandas a s vezes amplamente divergentes de ambos os grupos de volta ao seu núcleo funcional. “Desta forma, épossível filtrar quais posições não são aceita¡veis ​​para cada grupo e quais estãoabertas a negociação. Sa³ assim podemos encontrar uma base de compromisso que atualmente parece impossível, bem como espaço de dia¡logo sem um lado desvalorizando o outro. "