O legado do 11 de setembro de guerra de drones mudou a forma como vemos os militares
O Bureau of Investigative Journalism, uma organizaa§a£o de notacias sem fins lucrativos, estima que, desde 2015 , os EUA realizaram mais de 14.000 ataques de drones somente no Afeganistão.
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)
Crédito: PixabayÂ
Em outubro de 2001, quase um maªs após os ataques de 11 de setembro ao World Trade Center, um piloto da Fora§a Aanãrea dos Estados Unidos fez história como a primeira pessoa a realizar um ataque letal com um drone moderno - o Predator .
Nos meses e anos que se seguiram ao primeiro ataque , o drone - ou aeronave pilotada remotamente (RPA), como échamado por profissionais militares - tornou-se a "arma preferida" dos estados que podem paga¡-lo.
A "guerra ao terror" que se seguiu exigiu o uso de meios militares, mas não teve a legitimidade juradica ou conceptual necessa¡ria para convencer o paºblico nospaíses da OTAN de que eram necessa¡rias baixas humanas. A "guerra ao terror", devido a sua natureza indescritavel como uma guerra com objetivos nebulosos e inatingaveis, resultou no oeste lutando uma "guerra sem fim" .
O Bureau of Investigative Journalism, uma organização de notacias sem fins lucrativos, estima que, desde 2015 , os EUA realizaram mais de 14.000 ataques de drones somente no Afeganistão.
O impulso implaca¡vel dos governos por mais ataques de drones levou a três desenvolvimentos militares importantes. Primeiro, o desenvolvimento global de drones se expandiu, conforme evidenciado pelo uso de drones por grandes potaªncias globais, como China e Raºssia, bem como regionais . Muitos aliados dos EUA e, especificamente, membros da Otan estãoequipando suas forças armadas com drones, seja para missaµes ISR (inteligaªncia, vigila¢ncia, reconhecimento), ou para arma¡-los e usa¡-los em funções de combate.
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No ambiente de defesa europeu, algunspaíses estãodesenvolvendo seus pra³prios programas de produção de drones.
Lutando de longe
O segundo desenvolvimento éuma consequaªncia natural do primeiro: para usar drones, alguém tem que pilota¡-los . De uma forma que dificilmente édiferente de aeronaves tripuladas, uma tripulação énecessa¡ria para a operação de drones. Profissionais militares que foram treinados no tipo especafico de aeronave que operam o fazem dentro de uma cabine de comando, de acordo com os ca³digos de conduta e as leis de guerra pertinentes .
O terceiro desenvolvimento éo armamento do drone. Os EUA começam isso depois do 11 de setembro, mas recentemente outrospaíses, como a Frana§a, também armaram seus drones militares.
Drones não são uma invenção moderna - eles foram criados logo após o nascimento da aviação, com as décadas de 1920 e 1930 vendo um aumento nos esforços para criar uma arma que pode matar a distância . Entre no massil guiado, que era guiado remotamente, dispensa¡vel e não tinha capacidade de vigila¢ncia.
O que torna o drone moderno tão diferente éque sua tripulação estãoprotegida contra danos. Pode ser preciso o suficiente para evitar danos colaterais em comparação com armas mais indiscriminadas e estãoconectado a uma rede que permite a visualização em tempo real de sua alimentação por militares e profissionais de tecnologia.
A tripulação deve acompanhar, pesquisar e coletar informações sobre um alvo por meses e a s vezes anos antes de realizar um ataque. Em seguida, as equipes de drones precisam se sentar após o ataque para uma "avaliação do impacto da bomba".
Ha¡ uma falta de transparaªncia em relação a s operações de drones, atribuada a natureza altamentesensíveldas informações sobre as operações militares. Um processo que não costuma ser discutido publicamente éa solicitação e confirmação de autorização (de altos funciona¡rios, como o presidente dos Estados Unidos) antes de uma tripulação entrar em ação letal, bem como as circunsta¢ncias e critanãrios por trás da seleção do alvo.
Equavocos
Esse sigilo levou a conceitos erra´neos populares sobre drones, como as operações de drones são conduzidas e sobre os pra³prios pilotos de drones.
Esses profissionais militares são pilotos, alocados para pilotar drones, ou recrutados e treinados exclusivamente para essa função. Embora tenham responsabilidade e responsabilização por suas ações na missão, tanto a profissão militar quanto a sociedade os veem de maneira desfavora¡vel.
Voar drones tem sido zombeteiramente comparado a jogar videogame , e os pilotos de drones estãotendo negadas as mesmas oportunidades de carreira dos pilotos de caça, como demonstrado pela falta de pilotos de drones nos escalaµes mais altos das várias forças que usam drones .
Pilotos de drones experimentam sintomas de PTSD , mas dificilmente são levados a sanãrio, mesmo por seus colegas militares . Ao mesmo tempo, a visão da sociedade sobre os ataques de drones éaltamente ambivalente: enquanto para alguns éum mal necessa¡rio que pode proteger nossas próprias forças de ter que implantar e se envolver em situações de risco, para outros significa a morte da virtude militar .
Nossas sociedades pa³s-hera³icas não toleram mais perdas de nosso pra³prio povo. Ao mesmo tempo, eles demonizam ou ostracizam as próprias pessoas que se esforçam para operar em ambientes hostis a distância .
Ambos os lados tem argumentos a seu favor, mas enquanto esta discussão estãoocorrendo, o último ataque de drones de 31 de agosto no Afeganistão resultou em dez mortes de civis, sete dos quais eram criana§as. Essa traganãdia éapenas a última das greves mortais que começam com os ataques de 11 de setembro e exacerbaram a dessensibilização da sociedade a s vitimas de guerra e diminuaram a confianção no direito internacional.
Vatimas de ataques de drones são frequentemente mortas indiscriminadamente e sem julgamento prévio ou cumprimento dos critanãrios das convenções de Genebra para o status de "combatente". Duas décadas depois, o legado de 11 de setembro foi um ambiente de segurança internacional completamente mudado, uma desconfianção em relação aos governos e seu respeito pelos direitos humanos e a maneira como lutamos em nossas guerras.