Mesmo quando não émal intencionado, esse tipo de discriminação ainda pode ter consequaªncias graves - e um novo estudo sugere que isso pode se estender a forma como nos comunicamos eletronicamente.
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)
Domanio paºblico
O preconceito racial pode se infiltrar inconscientemente em muitos aspectos da vida, fazendo com que as pessoas, sem saber, ajam de forma discriminata³ria. Mesmo quando não émal intencionado, esse tipo de discriminação ainda pode ter consequaªncias graves - e um novo estudo sugere que isso pode se estender a forma como nos comunicamos eletronicamente.
Em um estudo com 250 mil pessoas nos Estados Unidos, os pesquisadores descobriram que os americanos eram menos propensos a responder a uma pesquisa por e-mail que parecia vir de uma pessoa considerada negra do que de uma pessoa considerada branca. Isso era verdade para todos os grupos raciais, exceto negros americanos, que tinham a mesma probabilidade de responder a um negro como a um branco.
Ray Block - Professor de Desenvolvimento de Carreira Brown-McCourtney no Instituto McCourtney e professor associado de ciência polatica e estudos afro-americanos na Penn State - disse que as descobertas ajudam a ilustrar as discriminações dia¡rias que as pessoas de cor frequentemente enfrentam.
"Tipos mais flagrantes de racismo, como violência física e abuso verbal, certamente são um problema, mas queraamos olhar para as coisas mais sutis e menos extremas que tendem a se acumular com o tempo", disse Block. "Sa£o as microagressões e indignidades que se acumulam ao longo da vida de uma pessoa. Microagressões são pequenas coisas que precisam ser consideradas, porque pensamos que as pequenas coisas importam."
O estudo foi publicado esta semana no Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .
De acordo com os pesquisadores, embora tenha havido muitas pesquisas anteriores sobre formas mais abertas de racismo, como violência racial e esterea³tipos contra grupos minorita¡rios, menos estudos foram feitos sobre formas menores e mais comuns de discriminação racial.
Para o estudo, os pesquisadores contataram 250.000 enderea§os de e-mail extraados de uma lista de registro de eleitores em todo opaís e uma lista de e-mail comercial. Os participantes incluaam entrevistados asia¡tico-americanos / das ilhas do Pacafico, negros, hispa¢nicos / latinos e brancos, e a divisão da porcentagem para esses grupos raciais refletia a divisão da população atual.
O e-mail solicitava que os destinata¡rios se oferecessem para responder a uma pesquisa sobre questões políticas contempora¢neas clicando em um link dentro do e-mail.
Os e-mails foram projetados para parecer que estavam sendo enviados por um nome ostensivamente negro ou um nome ostensivamente branco. Os nomes foram selecionados com base em serem considerados predominantemente negros ou brancos nos registros do governo e pelo fato de serem geralmente percebidos como negros ou brancos pelo paºblico em pesquisas anteriores.
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Todos os destinata¡rios receberam dois e-mails - um de um remetente negro assumido e um de um remetente branco assumido. Todos os destinata¡rios receberam dois e-mails com um convite para responder a pesquisa com intervalo de algumas semanas. Se o primeiro e-mail foi enviado de um remetente negro assumido, o segundo veio de um remetente branco assumido. Dessa forma, cada participante recebeu cada condição do experimento.
Os pesquisadores então rastrearam se as pessoas eram mais propensas a abrir o e- mail e clicar no link da pesquisa dos remetentes negros ou brancos.
"Muitos estudos anteriores sobre crena§as raciais foram atitudinais, onde os pesquisadores perguntaram a s pessoas sobre seus sentimentos em relação aos grupos minorita¡rios", disse Block. "Mas, nesses tipos de estudos, as pessoas muitas vezes se escondem ou não são verdadeiramente honestas sobre suas crena§as. Nossa medida de discriminação écomportamental. Nãonos importamos com o que as pessoas dizem, nos preocupamos com o que as pessoas fazem."
No geral, 1,6% dos participantes responderam ao remetente considerado branco e 1,4% ao remetente considerado negro. Isso significava que o remetente preto recebia 3.620 respostas e o remetente branco recebia 4.007 respostas. Isso significava que a chance de o remetente branco receber uma resposta era cerca de 15,5% maior do que a chance de o remetente preto receber uma resposta.
"Nossa definição de discriminação não tem nada a ver com ma¡s intenções e tudo a ver com tratamento desproporcional de alguma forma", disse Block. "E descobrimos isso. Além disso, ainda encontramos esse resultado ao separa¡-lo por regia£o geogra¡fica. As pessoas podem presumir que a discriminação pode ser pior em certas partes dopaís, mas não encontramos isso."
No futuro, a equipe de pesquisa planeja fazer mais estudos sobre os dados coletados. Como a pesquisa que os participantes foram solicitados a responder era uma pesquisa real, os pesquisadores também sera£o capazes de examinar o conteaºdo da pesquisa para novas descobertas.
"Uma vez que fomos capazes de capturar a tendaªncia das pessoas de discriminar neste estudo, poderaamos usar essas informações para analisar as respostas ao questiona¡rio real", disse Block. “E se a discriminação estiver correlacionada com o partidarismo, e se estiver correlacionada com as opiniaµes sobre políticas? Pesquisas futuras podem explorar essas e outras questões relacionadasâ€.
Charles Crabtree, Dartmouth College; John B. Holbein, Universidade da Virgania; e J. Quin Monson, da Brigham Young University, também participou desse trabalho.