A transformação de sambolos indagenas em letras Vai. Crédito: Momolu Massaquoi (1911) A primeira invena§a£o mundial da escrita ocorreu hámais de 5.000 anos no Oriente Manãdio, antes de ser reinventada na China e na Amanãrica Central. Hoje, quase
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
A transformação de sambolos indagenas em letras Vai. Crédito: Momolu Massaquoi (1911)
A primeira invenção mundial da escrita ocorreu hámais de 5.000 anos no Oriente Manãdio, antes de ser reinventada na China e na Amanãrica Central. Hoje, quase todas as atividades humanas - da educação aos sistemas polaticos e ca³digo de computador - dependem dessa tecnologia.
Mas, apesar de seu impacto na vida dia¡ria , sabemos pouco sobre como a escrita evoluiu em seus primeiros anos. Com tão poucos locais de origem, os primeiros traa§os de escrita são fragmenta¡rios ou ausentes.
Em um estudo publicado na Current Anthropology , uma equipe de pesquisadores do Instituto Max Planck para a Ciência da Hista³ria Humana em Jena, Alemanha, mostrou que a escrita rapidamente se torna "comprimida" para uma leitura e escrita eficientes.
Para chegar a essa percepção eles se voltaram para uma escrita Africano rara sistema que tem fascinado outsiders desde o inicio da 19 ª século.
"A escrita Vai da Libanãria foi criada do zero por volta de 1834 por oito homens completamente analfabetos que escreveram com tinta feita de frutas amassadas", disse o autor principal, Dr. Piers Kelly, agora na Universidade da Nova Inglaterra, Austra¡lia. A linguagem Vai nunca havia sido escrita antes.
Segundo o professor Vai, Bai Leesor Sherman, o roteiro sempre foi ensinado informalmente de um professor alfabetizado para um aºnico aluno aprendiz. Continua sendo tão bem-sucedido que hoje éusado atémesmo para comunicar mensagens de saúde pandaªmicas.
A primeira pa¡gina do manuscrito Vai MS17817 da British Library.
Crédito: The British Library
“Por causa de seu isolamento e da forma como continuou a se desenvolver atéos dias atuais, pensamos que poderia nos dizer algo importante sobre como a escrita evolui em curtos Espaços de tempoâ€, diz Kelly.
"Ha¡ uma hipa³tese famosa de que as letras evoluem de imagens para signos abstratos. Mas também existem muitas formas de letras abstratas na escrita inicial. Previmos, em vez disso, que os signos comea§ara£o como relativamente complexos e se tornara£o mais simples com as novas gerações de escritores e leitores. "
A equipe examinou manuscritos na langua Vai de arquivos da Libanãria, Estados Unidos e Europa. Ao analisar asmudanças ano a ano em suas 200 letras sila¡bicas, eles trazram toda a história evolutiva do script de 1834 em diante. Aplicando ferramentas computacionais para medir a complexidade visual , eles descobriram que as letras realmente se tornavam visualmente mais simples a cada ano que passava.
Â
"Os inventores originais foram inspirados por sonhos para projetar sinais individuais para cada salaba de sua langua. Um representa uma mulher gra¡vida , outro éuma escrava acorrentada, outros são retirados de emblemas tradicionais. Quando esses sinais foram aplicados para escrever salabas faladas, então ensinados para novas pessoas, eles se tornaram mais simples, mais sistema¡ticos e mais semelhantes entre si â€, diz Kelly.
Esse padrãode simplificação pode ser observado em escalas de tempo muito mais longas também para os sistemas de escrita antigos.
"A complexidade visual éútil se vocêestãocriando um novo sistema de escrita. Vocaª gera mais pistas e maiores contrastes entre os signos, o que ajuda os alunos analfabetos. Essa complexidade mais tarde atrapalha a leitura e reprodução eficientes, por isso desaparece", diz Kelly.
Em outras partes da áfrica Ocidental, inventores analfabetos fizeram a engenharia reversa da escrita para os idiomas falados no Mali e em Camaraµes, enquanto novos sistemas de escrita ainda estãosendo inventados na Niganãria e no Senegal. Em resposta ao estudo, o fila³sofo nigeriano Henry Ibekwe comentou: "As escritas indagenas africanas permanecem um vasto reposita³rio inexplorado de informações semia³ticas e simba³licas. Muitas perguntas ainda precisam ser feitas."