Cientistas da linguagem primeiro analisaram palavras para ' a¡spero' e 'suave' em uma amostra mundial de 332 idiomas falados - descobrindo uma forte ligaa§a£o entre os sons da fala e o sentido do tato, que influenciou a estrutura das languas...
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)
A prevalaªncia de trinado /r/ para 'a¡spero' vs 'suave' em 112 idiomas de 25 famalias não relacionadas. O artigo relata 4 estudos de uma gama maior de idiomas e uma gama maior de palavras, inclusive das Amanãricas, onde o /r/ trinado éraro e o padrãoconsequentemente ausente. Este mapa simplificado combina a Figura 2 e a Figura 4A do artigo de pesquisa Scientific Reports . Crédito: Bodo Winter et al.
Nas languas faladas em todo o mundo, as palavras que descrevemsuperfÍcies a¡speras são altamente propensas a apresentar um som "trinado / r /" - um padrãolinguastico que remonta a mais de 6.000 anos, revela um novo estudo. A equipe internacional de pesquisadores da Universidade de Birmingham, da Universidade Radboud e da Universidade da Colaºmbia Brita¢nica publicou suas descobertas no Scientific Reports .
Cientistas da linguagem primeiro analisaram palavras para " a¡spero " e " suave " em uma amostra mundial de 332 idiomas falados - descobrindo uma forte ligação entre os sons da fala e o sentido do tato, que influenciou a estrutura das languas modernas.
Em comparação com as palavras que significam "suave", as palavras que significam "a¡spero" eram quase quatro vezes mais propensas a conter um som /r/ trinado - do basco "zakarra" e do mongol "barzgar" ao holandaªs "ruw" e haºngaro "durva". essas palavras apresentam o som comum — um "r" pronunciado como um falante de italiano diria "arrivederci".
Em seguida, eles descobriram que o padrão"/r/-for-rough" épredominante em palavras sensoriais em 38 languas indo-europeias atuais. Pode atéser atribuada a s raazes reconstruadas do Proto-Indo-Europeu - indicando que o padrãoprovavelmente existiu nessa grande familia de languas por mais de seis milaªnios.
No caso do inglês e do haºngaro, dois idiomas não relacionados, eles descobriram que em ambos os idiomas, cerca de 60% das palavras para texturas mais a¡speras, como "a¡spero", "grosseiro", "nodoso" e "durva", "anãrdes", "ga¶csa¶rta¶s" contanãm um som /r/ - mais de duas vezes mais frequente do que palavras para texturas mais suaves, como "suave", "sedosa", "oleosa" e "sima", "selymes", "olajos".
Associação e padraµes
O coautor Mark Dingemanse, Professor Associado de Linguagem e Comunicação na Universidade Radboud, comentou: "Por si são, qualquer um desses padraµes seria bastante impressionante, mas juntos, eles demonstram uma associação profunda e generalizada entre os sons da fala e nosso sentido do tato."
"Nossas descobertas revelam que a ligação entre '/r/' e aspereza vem naturalmente para nós, tornando a associação mais prova¡vel de surgir e permanecer a medida que as palavras evoluem ao longo do tempo".
O coautor Bodo Winter, Professor Saªnior de Linguastica Cognitiva da Universidade de Birmingham, comentou: "Este éum dos exemplos mais difundidos atéagora de iconicidade multimodal em languas faladas - ligando os sons da fala ao sentido do toque . Essas associações multimodais podem desempenhar um papel significativo na formação das formas das palavras faladas em languas naturais - mostrando que muitos aspectos da estrutura da linguagem são moldados pela capacidade humana de identificar e usar analogias perceptivas que criam ligações ica´nicas entre forma e significado."
Cerca de três quartos das languas faladas do mundo tem um som /r/ , e o /r/ trinado éa variante mais comum. Nem todas as languas tem um /r/ trinado e algumas não tem esses sons ("ra³ticos") completamente. Em todo o mundo, o padrãoéencontrado mais fortemente entre os idiomas que apresentam especificamente um /r/ trinado.