A nova análise cientafica da composia§a£o dos dena¡rios romanos trouxe uma nova compreensão para uma crise financeira brevemente mencionada pelo estadista e escritor romano Marcus Tullius Cicero em seu ensaio sobre liderana§a moral, De Officiis...
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)
As 'cabea§as' de uma moeda contempora¢nea, com a cabea§a do deus Baco, que foi amostrada como parte do projeto. Crédito: Universidade de Warwick
A nova análise cientafica da composição dos dena¡rios romanos trouxe uma nova compreensão para uma crise financeira brevemente mencionada pelo estadista e escritor romano Marcus Tullius Cicero em seu ensaio sobre liderana§a moral, De Officiis, e resolveu um debate hista³rico de longa data.
Pesquisadores da Universidade de Warwick e da Universidade de Liverpool analisaram moedas do período e revelaram uma degradação da moeda muito maior do que os historiadores pensavam, com moedas que eram de prata pura antes de 90 aC cortadas com até10% de cobre cinco anos depois. .
Dr. Ponting, da Universidade de Liverpool, disse: "Os romanos estavam acostumados a uma moeda de prata extremamente fina, então eles podem ter perdido a confianção no dena¡rio quando deixou de ser puro. Onívelpreciso de degradação pode ter sido menos importante para os contempora¢neos do que a mera constatação de que a moeda foi adulterada e não mais feita de verdadeira 'prata'".
O professor Butcher da Universidade de Warwick disse: "A descoberta desta diminuição significativa no valor do dena¡rio lançou uma nova luz sobre as sugestaµes de Cacero de uma crise moneta¡ria em 86 aC. Os historiadores hámuito debatem o que o estadista e estudioso quis dizer quando escreveu 'o moedas estavam sendo jogadas de um lado para o outro, para que ninguanãm pudesse saber o que ele tinha.' (De Officiis, 3:80) e acreditamos que agora resolvemos esse quebra-cabea§a."
A referaªncia faz parte de uma anedota que descreve o comportamento egoasta de Marius Gratidianus, que levou o cranãdito por uma proposta de reforma moneta¡ria elaborada em conjunto pelos tribunos e pelo colanãgio de pretores e, como resultado, tornou-se imensamente popular entre o paºblico.
Mas qual foi a causa da cunhagem ser "lana§ada" e quais foram as soluções pelas quais Gratidiano levou o cranãdito?
Roma e as moedas do Mediterra¢neo 200 aC-64 dC, um projeto de pesquisa de cinco anos financiado pelo ERC visa aumentar nossa compreensão das economias da Roma cla¡ssica e de outros estados do Mediterra¢neo, analisando a composição de suas moedas e fazendo referaªncias cruzadas descobertas com o registro hista³rico.
A equipe de pesquisa inclui o professor Kevin Butcher da Universidade de Warwick, o Dr. Matthew Ponting da Universidade de Liverpool e o Dr. Adrian Hillier do ISIS Neutron e Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.
Dr. Ponting disse: "Nossa técnica de amostragem minimamente invasiva usada para coletar amostras dessas importantes moedas revelou um declanio significativo no valor do dena¡rio - de ser uma moeda de prata pura, o dena¡rio caiu primeiro para menos de 95% e depois caiu novamente para 90%, com algumas moedas chegando a 86%, sugerindo uma grave crise moneta¡ria."
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O professor Kevin Butcher explica o contexto: "Nos anos que se seguiram a 91 a.C., o estado romano corria o risco de falir. Os romanos estavam em guerra com seus pra³prios aliados na Ita¡lia e, ao final da guerra, em 89 a.C., uma crise da davida.
"Em 86 aC, parece ter havido uma crise de confianção na moeda também. Cacero relatou como os tribunos romanos abordaram o colanãgio de pretores para resolver a crise, antes de Gratidiano reivindicar o cranãdito exclusivo pelo esfora§o coletivo.
"Uma teoria éque Gratidiano fixou a taxa de ca¢mbio entre o dena¡rio de prata e o de bronze como (que são recentemente havia sido reduzido em peso). Outra éque ele publicou um manãtodo para detectar dena¡rios falsos, e assim restaurou a féna moeda.
"Infelizmente, a escolha de palavras de Cacero émuito obscura para os historiadores determinarem exatamente o que estava acontecendo. Seu objetivo ao escrever sobre isso não era iluminar a história moneta¡ria; ele estava apenas usando o incidente como uma ilustração de um magistrado romano se comportando mal tomar cranãdito pelo trabalho dos outros.
"Ha¡ muito se pensa que houve uma desvalorização muito leve do dena¡rio entre 89 e 87; mas foi o suficiente para desencadear uma crise moneta¡ria?"
Os resultados da análise metalaºrgica sugerem que as dificuldades financeiras vividas por Roma nesses anos levaram a um relaxamento dos padraµes na casa da moeda em 90 aC, com o resultado de que o teor de prata da cunhagem diminuiu em duas etapas, de modo que em 87 aC a cunhagem foi deliberadamente ligada com 5-10% de cobre.
O professor Butcher acrescentou: "Este poderia ser o significado das palavras de Cacero: que o valor da moeda foi 'jogado' porque ninguanãm podia ter certeza se os dena¡rios que eles tinham eram puros ou não.
"a‰ ainda mais nota¡vel que, na anãpoca em que Gratidiano publicou seu edito, o padrãode refinamento subiu acentuadamente, revertendo a degradação e restaurando o dena¡rio a uma moeda de alta qualidade.
"Embora a cronologia precisa permanea§a incerta, os novos dados cientaficos sugerem que poderia ter sido o principal objetivo do decreto de Gratidiano, em vez de algo relacionado a s taxas de ca¢mbio entre prata e bronze ou detectar falsificações".
Nas décadas que se seguiram, os romanos evitaram rebaixar o dena¡rio novamente, atéque o estado mais uma vez enfrentou enormes despesas durante a guerra civil entre Pompeu e Jaºlio Canãsar. Mesmo assim, a casa da moeda romana não foi tão longe quanto no tempo de Gratidianus.
Essas descobertas fazem parte de um estudo mais amplo financiado pela UE que visa examinar as estratanãgias financeiras e moneta¡rias dos estados do Mediterra¢neo de c. 150 aC para uma grande reforma de cunhagem em c. 64 CE, fornecendo um conjunto detalhado e confia¡vel de análises da composição química de todas as principais moedas de prata daquele período.