Células movidas a energia solar: bombas de prótons ativadas por luz geram energia celular, prolongam a vida
Nova pesquisa na revista Nature Aging pega uma página do campo da energia renovável e mostra que as mitocôndrias geneticamente modificadas podem converter energia luminosa em energia química que as células podem usar, estendendo a vida...
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)
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Nova pesquisa na revista Nature Aging pega uma página do campo da energia renovável e mostra que as mitocôndrias geneticamente modificadas podem converter energia luminosa em energia química que as células podem usar, estendendo a vida da lombriga C. elegans. Embora a perspectiva de células carregadas de luz solar em humanos seja mais ficção científica do que ciência, as descobertas lançam luz sobre mecanismos importantes no processo de envelhecimento.
"Sabemos que a disfunção mitocondrial é uma consequência do envelhecimento", disse Andrew Wojtovich, Ph.D., professor associado de Anestesiologia e Medicina Perioperatória e Farmacologia e Fisiologia da Universidade de Rochester Medical Center e autor sênior do estudo.
“Este estudo descobriu que simplesmente aumentar o metabolismo usando mitocôndrias movidas a luz deu aos vermes de laboratório vidas mais longas e saudáveis.
As mitocôndrias são organelas encontradas na maioria das células do corpo. Muitas vezes referidas como usinas de energia celular, as mitocôndrias usam glicose para produzir trifosfato de adenosina (ATP), o composto que fornece energia para funções-chave na célula, como a contração muscular e os impulsos elétricos que ajudam as células nervosas a se comunicarem umas com as outras.
A produção de ATP é o resultado de uma série de reações possibilitadas pela troca de prótons através de uma membrana que separa diferentes compartimentos na mitocôndria, formando um processo denominado potencial de membrana. Foi demonstrado que o potencial de membrana diminui com a idade, potencialmente desempenhando um papel em várias doenças relacionadas à idade, como distúrbios neurodegenerativos.
A nova pesquisa envolveu C. elegans, uma lombriga microscópica que, como a mosca-das-frutas Drosophila, há muito é uma ferramenta de pesquisa usada por cientistas para entender os princípios biológicos básicos que, em muitos casos, se aplicam a todo o reino animal.
Para realizar os experimentos, uma equipe de pesquisadores dos Estados Unidos e da Alemanha adaptou uma ferramenta de pesquisa existente que permitia manipular a atividade nas mitocôndrias. A técnica, chamada optogenética, tem sido tradicionalmente usada para direcionar e ativar neurônios específicos, permitindo assim que os pesquisadores estudem com mais precisão os padrões de atividade cerebral.
Os pesquisadores modificaram geneticamente as mitocôndrias de C. elegans para incluir uma bomba de prótons ativada por luz obtida de um fungo, uma conquista que a equipe descreveu pela primeira vez em um artigo de 2020 na revista EMBO Reports .
No novo estudo, quando expostas à luz, as bombas de prótons moveriam íons carregados através da membrana, usando a energia da luz para carregar as mitocôndrias. Esse processo, que os pesquisadores apelidaram de mitocôndria-ON (mtON), aumentou o potencial de membrana e a produção de ATP e resultou em um aumento de 30 a 40% no tempo de vida das lombrigas.
Brandon Berry, Ph.D., que recebeu seu doutorado em fisiologia pela Universidade de Rochester e agora é um pós-doutorando na Universidade de Washington, é o primeiro autor de ambos os estudos. "As mitocôndrias são semelhantes às usinas de energia industriais, pois queimam uma fonte de carbono, principalmente glicose, para produzir energia útil para a célula", disse Berry.
"O que fizemos foi essencialmente conectar um painel solar à infraestrutura existente da usina de energia. Nesse caso, o painel solar é a ferramenta optogenética mtON. O maquinário mitocondrial normal é então capaz de aproveitar a energia da luz para fornecer o ATP adicionalmente para o caminho normal de combustão."
O estudo é importante porque fornece aos pesquisadores mais informações sobre os complexos papéis biológicos que as mitocôndrias desempenham no corpo humano, um tópico que a comunidade científica só agora está começando a entender. O estudo também cria um novo método para manipular e estudar as mitocôndrias no ambiente de uma célula viva. Isso pode servir como uma plataforma importante para estudar as mitocôndrias e identificar maneiras de intervir e apoiar a função.
"Precisamos entender mais sobre como as mitocôndrias realmente se comportam em um animal", disse Berry. "Primeiro em vermes, como o estudo atual, mas depois em células humanas em cultura e em roedores. Dessa forma, pesquisas futuras serão bem informadas para atingir os atores mais prováveis ??em doenças humanas e envelhecimento".
Mais informações: O rejuvenescimento optogenético do potencial da membrana mitocondrial estende a expectativa de vida de C. elegans, Nature Aging (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00340-7 . www.nature.com/articles/s43587-022-00340-7
Informações do periódico: EMBO Reports , Nature Aging