Estrelas de nêutrons e buracos negros podem ser cadáveres estelares, mas estão entre os objetos celestes mais ativos. Eles produzem algumas das radiações de maior energia já observadas, e os cientistas há muito se intrigam com a física subjacente...
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)
Matthew Goodbred '23 foi co-autor de um artigo que propõe uma nova teoria explicando como a energia magnética pode ser liberada muito rapidamente com energia explosiva em partículas carregadas em ambientes extremos, como buracos negros. Crédito: Katie Lenhart
Estrelas de nêutrons e buracos negros podem ser cadáveres estelares, mas estão entre os objetos celestes mais ativos. Eles produzem algumas das radiações de maior energia já observadas, e os cientistas há muito se intrigam com a física subjacente ao processo que alimenta suas emissões energéticas.
Agora, em um artigo recente publicado na Physical Review Letters , um especialista em física de Dartmouth e um professor assistente propuseram uma nova teoria que explica como a energia magnética pode ser liberada muito rapidamente com energia explosiva em partículas carregadas nesses ambientes extremos .
Explosões magnéticas semelhantes também ocorrem perto de casa, desencadeando explosões solares e as luzes do norte. Eles podem ser observados onde quer que gases carregados, chamados de plasma, sejam encontrados – mesmo em um laboratório, diz Matthew Goodbred '23, principal autor do artigo.
Os elétrons e íons em um plasma fluem ao longo das linhas do campo magnético que geralmente permanecem separadas. Quando linhas que apontam em direções opostas se aproximam umas das outras, no entanto, elas podem se fundir e se separar, liberando uma quantidade formidável de energia que acelera as partículas de plasma a velocidades muito altas – um fenômeno bem estudado conhecido como reconexão magnética .
No início deste ano, o coautor Yi-Hsin Liu, professor assistente de física e astronomia, apresentou uma explicação para o processo que acelera a taxa de reconexão em explosões solares. Logo após esse trabalho, Goodbred procurou examinar o mecanismo de reconexão em alguns dos objetos mais densos do universo, como estrelas de nêutrons , que são formadas quando uma estrela massiva fica sem combustível e entra em colapso.
“Os ambientes astrofísicos, particularmente em torno de estrelas de nêutrons e buracos negros , são especiais porque seus campos magnéticos são muito fortes”, diz Goodbred, que começou a trabalhar com Liu remotamente durante a pandemia, no verão de 2020.
Seus plasmas também são diferentes, consistindo de elétrons e sua antimatéria que ambos têm a mesma massa. O plasma solar é composto de prótons e elétrons, que têm massas muito diferentes, então a física é diferente nos dois cenários, diz ele.
Para chegar a uma descrição matemática de reconexão em tais ambientes, Goodbred olhou para o fluxo de energia no local de reconexão. Seu modelo prevê que suportar a reversão do campo magnético ao redor do local quando o campo é extremamente forte só é possível quando há muitas partículas em movimento rápido que podem transportar corrente elétrica .
Os portadores de corrente no plasma retiram grande parte da energia, criando uma espécie de vazio de pressão que atrai rapidamente o campo magnético circundante , preparando assim o cenário para a reconexão prosseguir tão rapidamente.
“Esta nova derivação fornece a primeira teoria derivada exclusivamente das leis físicas básicas que explicam a taxa de reconexão rápida em tais sistemas, que foi observada em todas as simulações cinéticas anteriores (mas não realmente explicadas)”, diz Liu.
As previsões do modelo também foram suportadas por simulações que os autores realizaram.
“Eu realmente acho esse fenômeno de reconexão muito fascinante”, diz Goodbred, “especialmente quando aplicado a situações astrofísicas, onde é tão difícil imaginar as escalas e o poder desses eventos explosivos ocorrendo em todo o universo”.
Goodbred, que cresceu perto de Nashville, Tennessee, planeja tirar um ano sabático após a formatura e espera saciar seu amor ao ar livre enquanto se prepara para se inscrever na pós-graduação e obter um doutorado. Ele gosta de teoria porque parece criativo.
"Existem muitos caminhos possíveis para explorar ao resolver um problema", diz ele, "e é gratificante reduzir essas possibilidades a uma teoria final".
Mais informações: Matthew Goodbred et al, Teoria dos primeiros princípios da taxa de reconexão magnética relativística em plasmas de pares astrofísicos, Cartas de revisão física (2022). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.265101
Informações do periódico: cartas de revisão física