Óleos lubrificantes de motores a jato são uma importante fonte de partículas ultrafinas, novo estudo
Partículas ultrafinas se formam durante processos de combustão, por exemplo, quando a madeira ou biomassa é queimada, bem como em processos industriais e de geração de energia. Juntamente com o tráfego rodoviário, os grandes aeroportos são...
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)
O óleo lubrificante nos gases de exaustão quentes das turbinas de aeronaves pode formar partículas de poeira ultrafinas assim que os gases de exaustão esfriam. Crédito: Alexander Vogel, Goethe University Frankfurt
Partículas ultrafinas se formam durante processos de combustão, por exemplo, quando a madeira ou biomassa é queimada, bem como em processos industriais e de geração de energia. Juntamente com o tráfego rodoviário, os grandes aeroportos são uma importante fonte dessas partículas ultrafinas, que têm menos de 100 milionésimos de milímetro (100 nanômetros) de tamanho. Por serem tão pequenos, podem penetrar profundamente no trato respiratório inferior, ultrapassar a barreira ar-sangue e, dependendo de sua composição, causar reações inflamatórias nos tecidos, por exemplo. Além disso, suspeita-se que partículas ultrafinas sejam capazes de desencadear doenças cardiovasculares.
Durante vários anos, a Agência de Conservação da Natureza, Meio Ambiente e Geologia de Hessian (HLNUG) mediu o número e o tamanho de partículas ultrafinas em estações de monitoramento do ar nas proximidades do Aeroporto Internacional de Frankfurt, por exemplo, no subúrbio de Frankfurt de Schwanheim e em Raunheim. No ano passado, cientistas liderados pelo professor Alexander Vogel, da Goethe University Frankfurt, analisaram a composição química das partículas ultrafinas e encontraram um grupo de compostos orgânicos que, de acordo com suas impressões digitais, se originaram de óleos de lubrificação de aeronaves.
A equipe de pesquisa agora corroborou essa descoberta por meio de medições químicas adicionais das partículas ultrafinas: elas se originaram em um grau significativo de óleos de jato sintéticos e foram particularmente prevalentes nas classes de partículas menores, ou seja, partículas de 10 a 18 nanômetros de tamanho. Esses óleos de lubrificação podem entrar na pluma de exaustão dos motores de uma aeronave, por exemplo, através de respiradouros onde gotículas de óleo de tamanho nanométrico e vapores de óleo gasoso não são totalmente retidos.
Em experimentos de laboratório, os pesquisadores também conseguiram reproduzir a formação de partículas ultrafinas a partir de óleos lubrificantes. Para tanto, um óleo lubrificante de motor comum foi primeiro evaporado a cerca de 300°C em uma corrente de gás quente, que simulou a pluma de exaustão de um motor de aeronave, e posteriormente resfriado. A distribuição número-tamanho das partículas recém-formadas foi então medida.
Alexander Vogel, professor de análise ambiental atmosférica no Instituto de Ciências Atmosféricas e Ambientais da Universidade Goethe de Frankfurt, explica: "Quando o vapor de óleo esfria, os ésteres sintéticos gasosos ficam supersaturados e formam os núcleos de novas partículas que podem crescer rapidamente para cerca de 10 nanômetros de tamanho.
"Essas partículas, como indicam nossos experimentos, constituem uma grande fração das partículas ultrafinas produzidas pelos motores de aeronaves. A suposição anterior de que as partículas ultrafinas se originam principalmente de enxofre e compostos aromáticos do querosene é evidentemente incompleta. De acordo com nossas descobertas, a redução das emissões de óleo lubrificante de motores a jato tem um potencial significativo para reduzir partículas ultrafinas."
Os experimentos mostram que a formação de partículas ultrafinas em motores a jato não se limita apenas à combustão de querosene. As possíveis medidas de mitigação devem levar isso em consideração. Isso significa que usar querosene com baixo teor de enxofre ou mudar para combustível de aviação sustentável não pode eliminar toda a poluição causada por partículas ultrafinas.
O trabalho está publicado na revista Communications Earth & Environment .
Um estudo científico abrangente do Estado Federal de Hesse, que começará em 2023, examinará a poluição causada por partículas ultrafinas e seu impacto na saúde. Neste contexto, os resultados do presente estudo podem ajudar a identificar partículas específicas do aeroporto e derivar possíveis medidas de mitigação.
Mais informações: Florian Ungeheuer et al, Nucleação de vapores de óleo de motores a jato é uma grande fonte de partículas ultrafinas relacionadas à aviação, Communications Earth & Environment (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00653-w
Informações do jornal: Communications Earth & Environment