Embora muitas teorias tenham sido propostas para explicar esse processo, conhecido como
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)
Uma nova teoria explica como os buracos negros crescem em função da massa da gala¡xia e acabam com a formação de estrelas em suas gala¡xias hospedeiras. As imagens neste gra¡fico são de gala¡xias próximas, na era atual, obtidas pelo Sloan Digital Sky Survey, escolhido para representar a evolução das gala¡xias. O gra¡fico mostra como a evolução de gala¡xias pequenas e densas difere da evolução de gala¡xias maiores e mais difusas. As gala¡xias mais densas tem buracos negros maiores para sua massa e, portanto, extinguem-se mais cedo, em uma massa menor, enquanto as gala¡xias mais difusas tem buracos negros menores para sua massa e precisam crescer mais antes que ocorra a tempera. A mudança para uma ladeira mais angreme marca a entrada no "vale verde", onde a tempera comea§a fortemente. A teoria diz que os buracos negros comea§am a crescer mais rapidamente neste momento. Nossa Via La¡ctea estãonesse ponto crítico agora, e seu buraco negro deve crescer por outro fator de três antes da extinção total. Crédito: Sandra Faber / Sofia Quiros / SDSS
Os astrônomos que estudam a evolução das gala¡xias hámuito tempo lutam para entender o que faz com que a formação de estrelas se feche em gala¡xias massivas. Embora muitas teorias tenham sido propostas para explicar esse processo, conhecido como "extinção", ainda não háconsenso sobre um modelo satisfatório.
Agora, uma equipe internacional liderada por Sandra Faber, professora emanãrita de astronomia e astrofasica na UC Santa Cruz, propa´s um novo modelo que explica com sucesso uma ampla gama de observações sobre a estrutura da gala¡xia , buracos negros supermassivos e o apagamento da formação de estrelas . Os pesquisadores apresentaram suas descobertas em um artigo publicado em 1 de julho no Astrophysical Journal .
O modelo apoia uma das principais ideias sobre a tempera que o atribui ao "feedback" do buraco negro, a energia liberada em uma gala¡xia e seus arredores a partir de um buraco negro supermassivo central quando a matéria cai no buraco negro e alimenta seu crescimento. Esse feedback energanãtico aquece, ejeta ou interrompe o suprimento de gás da gala¡xia, impedindo a entrada de gás do halo da gala¡xia para alimentar a formação de estrelas.
"A ideia éque, nas gala¡xias que formam estrelas , o buraco negro central écomo um parasita que finalmente cresce e mata o hospedeiro", explicou Faber. "Isso já foi dito antes, mas não temos regras claras para dizer quando um buraco negro égrande o suficiente para interromper a formação de estrelas em sua gala¡xia hospedeira, e agora temos regras quantitativas que realmente funcionam para explicar nossas observações".
A ideia ba¡sica envolve a relação entre a massa das estrelas em uma gala¡xia (massa estelar), o quanto essas estrelas estãoespalhadas (o raio da gala¡xia) e a massa do buraco negro central. Para gala¡xias formadoras de estrelas com uma determinada massa estelar, a densidade de estrelas no centro da gala¡xia se correlaciona com o raio da gala¡xia, de modo que gala¡xias com raios maiores tem densidades estelares centrais mais baixas. Supondo que a massa do buraco negro central seja escalada com a densidade estelar central, as gala¡xias formadoras de estrelas com raios maiores (em uma determinada massa estelar) tera£o massas mais baixas de buraco negro.
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Faber explicou que isso significa que gala¡xias maiores (aquelas com raios maiores para uma determinada massa estelar) precisam evoluir ainda mais e formar uma massa estelar mais alta antes que seus buracos negros centrais possam crescer o suficiente para saciar a formação de estrelas. Assim, as gala¡xias de raio pequeno saciam em massas mais baixas do que as gala¡xias de raio grande.
"Essa éa nova visão: se as gala¡xias com grandes raios tem buracos negros menores em uma determinada massa estelar e se o feedback dos buracos negros éimportante para a tempera, as gala¡xias com grandes raios precisam evoluir ainda mais", disse ela. "Se vocêreunir todas essas suposições, surpreendentemente, podera¡ reproduzir um grande número de tendaªncias observadas nas propriedades estruturais das gala¡xias".
Isso explica, por exemplo, por que gala¡xias extintas mais massivas tem densidades estelares centrais mais altas, raios maiores e buracos negros centrais maiores.
Com base nesse modelo, os pesquisadores concluaram que a tempera comea§a quando a energia total emitida pelo buraco negro éaproximadamente quatro vezes a energia de ligação gravitacional do gás no halo gala¡ctico. A energia de ligação refere-se a força gravitacional que mantanãm o gás dentro do halo de matéria escura que envolve a gala¡xia. A tempera éconcluada quando a energia total emitida pelo buraco negro évinte vezes a energia de ligação do gás no halo gala¡ctico.
Faber enfatizou que o modelo ainda não explica em detalhes os mecanismos fasicos envolvidos na extinção da formação de estrelas. "Os principais processos fasicos que essa teoria simples evoca ainda não foram compreendidos", disse ela. "A virtude disso, poranãm, éque ter regras simples para cada etapa do processo desafia os teóricos a criar mecanismos fasicos que explicam cada etapa".
Os astrônomos estãoacostumados a pensar em termos de diagramas que trazm as relações entre diferentes propriedades das gala¡xias e mostram como elas mudam ao longo do tempo. Esses diagramas revelam as drama¡ticas diferenças na estrutura entre gala¡xias formadoras de estrelas e extintas e os limites natidos entre elas. Como a formação estelar emite muita luz na extremidade azul do espectro de cores, os astrônomos se referem a s gala¡xias formadoras de estrelas "azuis", gala¡xias quiescentes "vermelhas" e o "vale verde" como a transição entre elas. Em que esta¡gio estãouma gala¡xia érevelado por sua taxa de formação de estrelas.
Uma das conclusaµes do estudo éque a taxa de crescimento dos buracos negros deve mudar a medida que as gala¡xias evoluem de um esta¡gio para o outro. A evidência observacional sugere que a maior parte do crescimento do buraco negro ocorre no vale verde quando as gala¡xias estãocomea§ando a se extinguir.
"O buraco negro parece ter sido liberado no momento em que a formação estelar diminui", disse Faber. "Esta foi uma revelação, porque explica por que as massas de buracos negros nas gala¡xias em formação de estrelas seguem uma lei de escala, enquanto os buracos negros nas gala¡xias extintas seguem outra lei de escala. Isso faz sentido se a massa de um buraco negro cresce rapidamente enquanto no vale verde".
Faber e seus colaboradores discutem essas questões hámuitos anos. Desde 2010, a Faber co-lidera um grande programa de pesquisa de gala¡xias do Telescópio Espacial Hubble (CANDELS, o Levantamento Extragala¡tico Profundo Profundo do Infravermelho Pra³ximo do Cosmic Assembly), que produziu os dados usados ​​neste estudo. Ao analisar os dados do CANDELS, ela trabalhou em estreita colaboração com uma equipe liderada por Joel Primack, professor emanãrito de física da UCSC, que desenvolveu a simulação cosmola³gica de Bolshoi da evolução dos halos da matéria escura nas quais as gala¡xias se formam. Esses halos fornecem o andaime sobre o qual a teoria constra³i a fase inicial da evolução das gala¡xias antes da extinção.
As ideias centrais do artigo surgiram da análise dos dados do CANDELS e atingiram Faber pela primeira vez hácerca de quatro anos. "De repente, surgiu em mim e percebi que, se juntarmos todas essas coisas - se as gala¡xias tinham uma trajeta³ria simples em raio versus massa, e se a energia do buraco negro precisar superar a energia de ligação do halo -, isso pode explicar todos esses limites inclinados em os diagramas estruturais das gala¡xias ", disse ela.
Na anãpoca, Faber fazia viagens frequentes a China, onde esteve envolvida em colaborações de pesquisa e outras atividades. Foi professora visitante na Universidade Normal de Xangai, onde conheceu o primeiro autor Zhu Chen. Chen veio para a UC Santa Cruz em 2017 como pesquisador visitante e começou a trabalhar com a Faber para desenvolver essas ideias sobre a extinção de gala¡xias.
"Ela ématematicamente muito boa, melhor do que eu, e fez todos os ca¡lculos para este artigo", disse Faber.
Faber também creditou a seu colaborador de longa data David Koo, professor emanãrito de astronomia e astrofasica da UCSC, por concentrar primeiro a atenção nas densidades centrais das gala¡xias como uma chave para o crescimento de buracos negros centrais.
Entre os quebra-cabea§as explicados por este novo modelo, háuma diferença marcante entre nossa gala¡xia da Via La¡ctea e seu vizinho muito semelhante, Andra´meda. "A Via La¡ctea e Andra´meda tem quase a mesma massa estelar , mas o buraco negro de Andra´meda équase 50 vezes maior que o da Via La¡ctea", disse Faber. "A ideia de que os buracos negros crescem muito no vale verde ajuda bastante a explicar esse mistanãrio. A Via La¡ctea estãoentrando no vale verde e seu buraco negro ainda épequeno, enquanto Andromeda estãoapenas saindo, então seu buraco negro cresceu muito maior e também mais extinta que a Via La¡ctea ".