Um geocronologista do MIT, juntamente com paleonta³logos da Argentina e do Brasil, encontrou evidaªncias para apoiar a visão cla¡ssica da evolua§a£o dos dinossauros. As descobertas da equipe foram publicadas hoje na revista Scientific Reports .
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)
Os cristais microsca³picos do zirca£o mineral contendo ura¢nio foram separados das amostras de rocha e analisados ​​pela técnica isota³pica de U-Pb no MIT Isotope Lab. Esses zircaµes produziram uma idade precisa de 221,82 ± 0,10 Ma para a Formação Ischigualasto superior. Crédito: Cortesia dos pesquisadores
A a¡rvore geneala³gica dos dinossauros cla¡ssicos tem duas subdivisaµes de dinossauros primitivos em sua base: os ornitasquios, ou dinossauros em forma de pa¡ssaro, que incluem os posteriores Triceratops e Stegosaurus; e os saurasquios, ou dinossauros de lagartos, como o brontossauro e o tiranossauro.
Em 2017, no entanto, essa visão cla¡ssica da evolução dos dinossauros foi posta em causa com evidaªncias de que talvez os dinossauros com quadris de lagarto tenham evoluado primeiro - uma descoberta que reorganizou drasticamente os primeiros ramos principais da a¡rvore geneala³gica dos dinossauros.
Agora, um geocronologista do MIT, juntamente com paleonta³logos da Argentina e do Brasil, encontrou evidaªncias para apoiar a visão cla¡ssica da evolução dos dinossauros. As descobertas da equipe foram publicadas hoje na revista Scientific Reports .
A equipe reanalisou os fa³sseis do Pisanosaurus, um pequeno dinossauro bapede que éconsiderado o ornitascia preservado mais antigo do registro fa³ssil . Os pesquisadores determinaram que o herbavoro do pa¡ssaro-quadril remonta a 229 milhões de anos atrás, que étambém mais ou menos na anãpoca em que os saurasquios mais antigos do gaªnero lagarto parecem ter aparecido.
O novo momento sugere que os ornitascios e os saurasquios apareceram e divergiram de um ancestral comum aproximadamente ao mesmo tempo, dando suporte a visão cla¡ssica da evolução dos dinossauros.
Os pesquisadores também dataram rochas da Formação Ischigualasto, uma unidade de rochas sedimentares em camadas na Argentina, conhecida por ter preservado uma abunda¢ncia de fa³sseis dos primeiros dinossauros. Com base nesses fa³sseis e outros na Amanãrica do Sul, os cientistas acreditam que os dinossauros apareceram pela primeira vez no continente sul, que na anãpoca foram fundidos com o supercontinente de Pangea. Pensa-se que os primeiros dinossauros divergiram e se espalharam pelo mundo.
No entanto, no novo estudo, os pesquisadores determinaram que o período durante o qual a Formação Ischigualasto foi depositada se sobrepaµe ao momento de outro importante depa³sito geola³gico na Amanãrica do Norte, conhecido como Formação Chinle.
As camadas intermedia¡rias da Formação Chinle, no sudoeste dos EUA, contem fa³sseis de várias espanãcies de fauna, incluindo dinossauros que parecem ser mais evoluados do que os primeiros dinossauros. As camadas inferiores desta formação, no entanto, carecem de evidaªncias fa³sseis de animais de qualquer tipo, e muito menos de dinossauros antigos. Isso sugere que as condições nessa janela geola³gica impediram a preservação de qualquer forma de vida, incluindo os primeiros dinossauros, se eles andassem nessa regia£o especafica do mundo.
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"Se as formações Chinle e Ischigualasto se sobrepaµem no tempo, os primeiros dinossauros podem não ter evoluado pela primeira vez na Amanãrica do Sul, mas também podem estar perambulando pela Amanãrica do Norte na mesma anãpoca", diz Jahandar Ramezani, cientista do Departamento de Terra do MIT, Ciências Atmosfanãricas e Planeta¡rias, coautor do estudo. "Esses primos do norte podem não ter sido preservados".
Os outros pesquisadores do estudo são a primeira autora Julia Desojo, do Museu da Universidade Nacional de La Plata, e uma equipe de paleonta³logos de instituições da Argentina e do Brasil.
"Seguindo os passos"
Os primeiros fa³sseis de dinossauros encontrados na Formação Ischigualasto estãoconcentrados no que éhoje um parque provincial protegido conhecido como "Vale da Lua" na provancia de San Juan. A formação geola³gica também se estende para além do parque, embora com menos fa³sseis de dinossauros antigos. Ramezani e seus colegas procuraram estudar um dos afloramentos acessaveis das mesmas rochas, fora do parque.
Paleontologistas embrulhando fragmentos de ossos fa³sseis em uma jaqueta de gesso
antes do transporte para o laboratório para preparação e estudos detalhados.
Crédito: Cortesia dos pesquisadores
Eles se concentraram em Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas, um afloramento menos estudado da Formação Ischigualasto, na provancia de La Rioja, que outra equipe de paleontologistas explorou na década de 1960.
"Nosso grupo colocou as ma£os em algumas anotações de campo e extraiu fa³sseis desses paleontologistas, e achou que devaamos seguir os passos deles para ver o que podaamos aprender", diz Desojo.
Em quatro expedições entre 2013 e 2019, a equipe coletou fa³sseis e rochas de várias camadas do afloramento de Las Lajas, incluindo mais de 100 novos espanãcimes fa³sseis, embora nenhum desses fa³sseis fosse de dinossauros. No entanto, eles analisaram os fa³sseis e descobriram que eram compara¡veis, tanto em espanãcies quanto em idade relativa, aos fa³sseis não-dinossauros encontrados na regia£o do parque da mesma Formação Ischigualasto. Eles também descobriram que a Formação Ischigualasto em Las Lajas era significativamente mais espessa e muito mais completa do que os afloramentos no parque. Isso lhes deu confianção de que as camadas geola³gicas nos dois locais foram depositadas durante o mesmo intervalo de tempo cratico.
Ramezani analisou amostras de cinzas vulcânica s coletadas em várias camadas dos afloramentos de Las Lajas. As cinzas vulcânica s contem zirca£o, um mineral que ele separou do restante do sedimento, e mediu isãotopos de ura¢nio e chumbo, cujas proporções resultam na idade do mineral.
Com essa técnica de alta precisão, Ramezani datou amostras da parte superior e inferior do afloramento e descobriu que as camadas sedimentares e quaisquer fa³sseis preservados dentro delas foram depositados entre 230 e 221 milhões de anos atrás. Como a equipe determinou que as rochas em camadas de Las Lajas e o parque correspondem tanto a s espanãcies quanto ao tempo relativo, agora também era possível determinar a idade exata dos afloramentos mais ricos em fa³sseis do parque.
Além disso, essa janela se sobrepaµe significativamente ao intervalo de tempo em que os sedimentos foram depositados, milhares de quila´metros ao norte, na Formação Chinle.
"Por muitos anos, as pessoas pensaram que as formações Chinle e Ischigualasto não se sobrepunham e, com base nessa premissa, desenvolveram um modelo de evolução diacrônica, o que significa que os primeiros dinossauros apareceram primeiro na Amanãrica do Sul e depois se espalharam para outras partes do mundo, incluindo Amanãrica do Norte ", diz Ramezani. "Agora estudamos as duas formações extensivamente e mostramos que a evolução diacrônica não érealmente baseada na geologia do som".
Uma a¡rvore geneala³gica preservada
Danãcadas antes de Ramezani e seus colegas partirem para Las Lajas, outros paleontologistas haviam explorado a regia£o e desenterrado numerosos fa³sseis, incluindo restos de Pisanosaurus mertii, um pequeno herbavoro que vive em terra, com estrutura clara. Agora, os fa³sseis são preservados em um museu argentino, e os cientistas discutiram se éum verdadeiro dinossauro pertencente ao grupo ornitasciano ou um "dinossauroomorfismo basal" - uma espanãcie de pré-dinossauro, com caracteristicas que são quase, mas não completamente, dinossauro.
"Os dinossauros que vemos no Jura¡ssico e no Creta¡ceo são altamente evoluados e podemos identificar bem, mas no final do Tria¡ssico, todos eram muito parecidos, por isso émuito difacil diferencia¡-los um do outro e dos dinossauros mortais, "Ramezani explica.
Seu colaborador Max Langer, da Universidade de Sa£o Paulo no Brasil, reanalisou minuciosamente o fa³ssil de Pisanossauro, preservado em museu, e concluiu, com base em certas caracteristicas anatômicas importantes, que ele érealmente um dinossauro - e, além disso, éo ornitascia preservado mais antigo espanãcime. Com base no namoro de Ramezani com o afloramento e na interpretação do Pisanossauro, os pesquisadores concluaram que os primeiros dinossauros com asas de pa¡ssaro apareceram cerca de 229 milhões de anos atrás - na mesma anãpoca que seus colegas de lagarto.
"Agora podemos dizer que os primeiros ornitascicos apareceram no registro fa³ssil aproximadamente na mesma anãpoca que os saurischianos, então não devemos jogar fora a a¡rvore geneala³gica convencional", diz Ramezani. "Existem todos esses debates sobre onde os dinossauros apareceram, como eles diversificaram, como era a a¡rvore geneala³gica. Muitas dessas questões estãoligadas a geocronologia, por isso precisamos de restrições de idade realmente boas e robustas para ajudar a responder a essas perguntas".