Os pesquisadores descobriram que todas as regiaµes do cra¢nio evoluaram mais rapidamente em dinossauros não avia¡rios do que em pa¡ssaros, mas certas regiaµes mostraram rápidos pulsos de evolua§a£o em linhagens especaficas.
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Diferena§a fenotapica entre cada espanãcime para cada marco no conjunto de dados de 11 ma³dulos e a forma média do cra¢nio. Para cada espanãcime, a configuração média do marco éplotada com pontos coloridos em relação a distância de Procrustes entre a posição desse ponto na forma média e em aquele espanãcime. Cores mais quentes denotam pontos de referaªncia com maior deslocamento da média, e cores mais frias são mais semelhantes a forma média. Dados e ca³digo arquivados em www.github.com/rnfelice/Dinosaur_Skulls. Crédito: Felice et al, 2020 (PLOS Biology, CC BY 4.0)
De emus a pica-paus, os pa¡ssaros modernos mostram uma diversidade nota¡vel na forma e no tamanho do cra¢nio, muitas vezes considerada como o resultado de uma saºbita aceleração da evolução após a extinção em massa que matou seus primos dinossauros não-avia¡rios no final do Creta¡ceo, 66 milhões de anos atrás . Mas este não éo caso, de acordo com um estudo de Ryan Nicholas Felice na University College London, publicado em 18 de agosto de 2020 na revista de acesso aberto PLOS Biology . No estudo mais detalhado já feito sobre a morfologia do cra¢nio de pa¡ssaros, Felice e uma equipe internacional de pesquisadores mostram que a taxa de evolução realmente diminuiu nos pa¡ssaros em comparação com os dinossauros não-avia¡rios.
Os pesquisadores usaram morfometria geomanãtrica tridimensional de alta dimensão para mapear a forma de 354 dinossauros avia¡rios e não avia¡rios vivos e 37 extintos em detalhes sem precedentes e realizaram análises filogenanãticas para testar uma mudança no ritmo de evolução após a origem dos pa¡ssaros. Eles descobriram que todas as regiaµes do cra¢nio evoluaram mais rapidamente em dinossauros não avia¡rios do que em pa¡ssaros, mas certas regiaµes mostraram rápidos pulsos de evolução em linhagens especaficas.
Por exemplo, em dinossauros não-avia¡rios,mudanças evolutivas rápidas na articulação da mandabula foram associadas amudanças na dieta, enquanto a evolução acelerada do teto do cra¢nio ocorreu em linhagens que exibiam ornamentos ósseos, como chifres ou cristas. Nas aves, a parte do cra¢nio que evolui mais rapidamente foi o bico, que os autores atribuem a adaptação a diferentes fontes de alimento e estratanãgias de alimentação.
Os autores dizem que o ritmo geral mais lento da evolução das aves em comparação com os dinossauros não avia¡rios paµe em questãouma hipa³tese de longa data de que a diversidade observada nas aves modernas resultou da rápida evolução como parte de uma radiação adaptativa após o evento de extinção do fim do Creta¡ceo.