Pesquisadores descobrem novo gene envolvido em competição tóxica entre leveduras
Pesquisadores do National Institutes of Health identificaram um gene que torna a levedura resistente a uma toxina letal, de acordo com um novo estudo publicado na revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Para estudar a evolução...
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)
Células Saccharomyces cerevisiae em microscopia DIC. Crédito: Domínio Público
Pesquisadores do National Institutes of Health identificaram um gene que torna a levedura resistente a uma toxina letal, de acordo com um novo estudo publicado na revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Para estudar a evolução da resistência a toxinas, pesquisadores do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Genoma Humano (NHGRI), parte do NIH, usaram levedura – o tipo comumente usado para assar em casa – como um organismo modelo. Embora os pesquisadores saibam há muito tempo sobre a notável capacidade do fermento de escapar dos efeitos de toxinas letais, o motivo era um mistério até agora.
"As complexidades da genômica que medeiam essas batalhas dentro das espécies são maravilhosamente reveladas por um estudo como este", disse Charles Rotimi, Ph.D., diretor científico do Programa de Pesquisa Intramural do NHGRI. “Embora esta seja uma história de fermento , os mecanismos certamente influenciarão os estudos sobre toxinas e seus efeitos nos seres humanos”.
Ao longo da história da humanidade, as pessoas combateram várias toxinas produzidas por outros organismos, como aranhas, plantas, cobras e até bactérias do cólera ou do antraz. Entender a resistência a toxinas em leveduras pode levar a novos caminhos para proteção contra toxinas em humanos.
“Estamos interessados ??em entender como a variação genômica leva a diferenças entre os indivíduos, então, neste estudo, estamos analisando os mecanismos biológicos mais básicos subjacentes à resistência a toxinas em organismos simples, como leveduras”, disse Meru Sadhu, Ph. D., investigador do Departamento de Pesquisa de Doenças Genéticas do NHGRI e autor sênior do estudo. "Uma maneira importante pela qual os organismos variam é o quanto eles são afetados pelas toxinas".
Normalmente, as toxinas são usadas em conflitos entre espécies diferentes. No entanto, essas leveduras "assassinas" são interessantes e seguras para estudar porque as toxinas afetam apenas outras leveduras e não prejudicam os seres humanos, disse Ilya Andreev, ex-estagiário de pós-bacharelado do NHGRI que liderou este estudo.
“Há muito poucos exemplos desses conflitos dentro das espécies na natureza, e nosso trabalho apenas arranhou a superfície da compreensão da dinâmica evolutiva de tais conflitos”, acrescentou Andreev.
Neste estudo atual, os pesquisadores do NHGRI analisaram leveduras infectadas com um vírus que faz com que a levedura secrete uma toxina letal chamada K28. O vírus não afeta negativamente o fermento infectado. Em vez disso, leveduras infectadas também são resistentes aos efeitos da toxina.
Essas leveduras infectadas secretam a toxina K28 para acabar com as leveduras não infectadas que crescem nas proximidades. Isso fornece à levedura infectada uma vantagem evolutiva na competição por recursos. No entanto, algumas leveduras não infectadas crescem apesar da presença da toxina.
Para descobrir como essas leveduras não infectadas resistem à toxina, os pesquisadores expuseram diferentes leveduras não infectadas à toxina K28. Os não afetados pela toxina foram classificados como altamente resistentes e os afetados como sensíveis. Em seguida, os pesquisadores compararam os genomas de leveduras resistentes e sensíveis para identificar quais genes tornam algumas leveduras resistentes.
Por meio dessa investigação, os pesquisadores determinaram que o gene KTD1 oferece resistência à toxina K28. "Este gene nunca foi estudado antes", disse Sadhu. "Identificar este gene é o primeiro passo para entender completamente o que está acontecendo no nível molecular."
Os pesquisadores então anexaram uma proteína brilhante à proteína KTD1 para rastrear sua posição nas células de levedura. Eles descobriram que a proteína KTD1 reside na superfície de compartimentos celulares chamados vacúolos . Os vacúolos servem a muitos propósitos na célula, incluindo isolar e quebrar substâncias nocivas como toxinas.
Para infligir seus efeitos tóxicos, a toxina K28 deve se mover livremente pela célula. Os pesquisadores levantaram a hipótese de que a proteína KTD1 pode estar envolvida na captura da toxina no vacúolo.
Uma região da proteína KTD1 penetra no centro do vacúolo, onde pode interagir com as toxinas aprisionadas. Ao analisar a sequência da proteína, os pesquisadores descobriram que essa região da proteína KTD1 está sob fortes pressões evolutivas.
Essas fortes pressões evolutivas apontam para a importância dessa região para a função da proteína KTD1 e destacam a competição entre a toxina e a levedura. No entanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para entender como essa região da proteína KTD1 mantém o K28 sob controle e como o K28 pode evoluir em resposta.
Mais informações: Ilya Andreev et al, Descoberta de um fator de defesa de levedura em rápida evolução, KTD1, contra a toxina assassina secretada K28, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217194120
Informações do jornal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences