Redução da massa cinzenta nos lobos frontais associada ao tabagismo na adolescência e ao vício em nicotina
As descobertas podem demonstrar uma base cerebral e comportamental para a forma como a dependência da nicotina é iniciada e depois se instala no início da vida, dizem os cientistas.
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)
Equipe de Assuntos Externos e Comunicações
"Fumar é talvez o comportamento viciante mais comum no mundo e uma das principais causas de mortalidade adulta"
Trevor Robbins
Os níveis de massa cinzenta em duas partes do cérebro podem estar ligados ao desejo de começar a fumar durante a adolescência e ao fortalecimento da dependência da nicotina, mostrou um novo estudo.
Uma equipe de cientistas, liderada pelas universidades de Cambridge e Warwick, no Reino Unido, e pela Universidade Fudan, na China, analisou imagens cerebrais e dados comportamentais de mais de 800 jovens com idades entre 14, 19 e 23 anos.
Eles descobriram que, em média, os adolescentes que começaram a fumar aos 14 anos de idade tinham significativamente menos massa cinzenta numa secção do lobo frontal esquerdo ligada à tomada de decisões e à quebra de regras.
A matéria cinzenta é o tecido cerebral que processa informações e contém todos os neurônios do órgão. Embora o desenvolvimento do cérebro continue na idade adulta, o crescimento da massa cinzenta atinge o pico antes da adolescência.
O baixo volume de massa cinzenta no lado esquerdo do córtex pré-frontal ventromedial pode ser um “biomarcador hereditário” para a dependência da nicotina, dizem os investigadores – com implicações para a prevenção e tratamento.
Além disso, os cientistas descobriram que a parte oposta direita da mesma região do cérebro também tinha menos massa cinzenta nos fumantes.
É importante ressaltar que a perda de massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal direito parece acelerar somente depois que alguém começa a fumar. Esta região está ligada à busca de sensações.
A equipe argumenta que menos massa cinzenta no prosencéfalo esquerdo poderia diminuir a função cognitiva e levar à “desinibição”: comportamento impulsivo e violador de regras decorrente de uma capacidade limitada de considerar as consequências. Isso pode aumentar as chances de fumar em tenra idade.
Assim que o hábito da nicotina se instala, a massa cinzenta no lobo frontal direito diminui, o que pode enfraquecer o controlo sobre o tabagismo ao afectar a “motivação hedónica”: a forma como o prazer é procurado e gerido. A perda excessiva de massa cinzenta no lado direito do cérebro também foi associada ao consumo excessivo de álcool e ao uso de maconha.
Tomadas em conjunto, as descobertas apontam para um “mecanismo neurocomportamental” danificado que pode fazer com que o consumo de nicotina comece cedo e fique preso ao vício a longo prazo, dizem os investigadores. O estudo utilizou dados do projeto IMAGEN e está publicado na revista Nature Communications .
“Fumar é talvez o comportamento viciante mais comum no mundo e uma das principais causas de mortalidade adulta”, disse o professor Trevor Robbins, coautor sênior do Departamento de Psicologia de Cambridge.
“O início do hábito de fumar é mais provável de ocorrer durante a adolescência. Qualquer forma de detectar uma maior probabilidade de isso acontecer, para que possamos direcionar as intervenções, poderia ajudar a salvar milhões de vidas.”
Espera-se que as mortes anuais causadas pelo cigarro atinjam oito milhões em todo o mundo até o final da década. Atualmente, uma em cada cinco mortes de adultos a cada ano é atribuída ao tabagismo apenas nos EUA.
“Em nosso estudo, a redução da massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal esquerdo está associada ao aumento do comportamento de quebra de regras, bem como a experiências precoces de tabagismo. Pode ser que esta quebra de regras leve à violação das normas antitabagismo”, disse Robbins.
A coautora, Profª Barbara Sahakian, do Departamento de Psiquiatria de Cambridge, disse: “O córtex pré-frontal ventromedial é uma região chave para a dopamina, a substância química do prazer do cérebro. Além de desempenhar um papel em experiências gratificantes, há muito se acredita que a dopamina afeta o autocontrole.
“Menos massa cinzenta nesta região do cérebro pode limitar a função cognitiva, levando a um menor autocontrole e a uma propensão para comportamentos de risco, como fumar”.
O estudo utilizou dados recolhidos pelo projeto IMAGEN em locais de quatro países europeus: Reino Unido, Alemanha, França e Irlanda. Os pesquisadores compararam dados de imagens cerebrais daqueles que fumaram aos 14 anos com aqueles que não fumaram, e repetiram isso para os mesmos participantes aos 19 e 23 anos.
Aqueles com experiência de tabagismo aos 14 anos de idade tinham significativamente menos massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal esquerdo, em média. Além disso, aqueles que começaram a fumar aos 19 anos também tinham menos massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal esquerdo aos 14 anos, indicando uma potencial influência causal.
Os cientistas também analisaram o córtex pré-frontal ventromedial direito. A perda de massa cinzenta ocorre em todas as pessoas à medida que envelhecem. No entanto, tanto aqueles que fumaram a partir dos 14 anos como aqueles que fumaram a partir dos 19 anos acabaram com perda excessiva de massa cinzenta no lobo frontal direito.
Para o córtex pré-frontal direito, os fumantes de 19 anos que não começaram a fumar durante a adolescência apresentavam níveis de massa cinzenta semelhantes aos 14 anos daqueles que nunca fumaram. Isto sugere que uma rápida redução no córtex pré-frontal ventromedial direito só começa com o início do tabagismo.
Dados aos 23 anos mostraram que o volume de massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal direito diminuiu a um ritmo mais rápido naqueles que continuaram a fumar, sugerindo uma influência do próprio fumo na função pré-frontal.
Os pesquisadores também analisaram dados de dois questionários preenchidos pelos participantes para investigar os traços de personalidade da busca por novidades e da busca por sensações.
“Ambos os questionários examinam a busca por experiências emocionantes, mas medem comportamentos distintos”, disse Robbins. “A escala de busca de sensações concentra-se em experiências prazerosas, enquanto o questionário de busca de novidades inclui itens sobre impulsividade e quebra de regras.”
Menos massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal esquerdo foi associada à procura de novidades, particularmente comportamento desordenado e de quebra de regras, enquanto o volume reduzido de massa cinzenta no córtex pré-frontal direito foi associado apenas à procura de sensações.
O autor principal, Prof Tianye Jia, da Universidade Fudan, acrescentou: “Menos massa cinzenta nos lobos frontais esquerdos está ligada a comportamentos que aumentam a probabilidade de fumar na adolescência.
“Os fumantes experimentam então uma perda excessiva de massa cinzenta nos lobos frontais direitos, o que está ligado a comportamentos que reforçam o uso de substâncias. Isto pode fornecer uma explicação causal de como o tabagismo é iniciado nos jovens e como se transforma em dependência.”
Referência:
Jia, Tianye; Xiang, Shintong et al. Associação entre volume de substância cinzenta vmPFC e início do tabagismo em adolescentes . Comunicações da Natureza; 15 de agosto de 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40079-2