A maior tempestade do sistema solar, um anticiclone de 10.000 milhas de largura chamado Grande Mancha Vermelha, decorou a superfície de Júpiter por centenas de anos.
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No óptico, a atmosfera em faixas de Saturno parece mudar suavemente de cor para cor. Mas visto aqui na luz do rádio - os dados do VLA sobrepõem uma imagem da Cassini de Saturno - a natureza distinta das bandas é aparente. Os cientistas usaram os dados do VLA para entender melhor a amônia na atmosfera do gigante gasoso e aprenderam que as megatempestades transportam a amônia da atmosfera superior para a inferior. Crédito: S. Dagnello (NRAO/AUI/NSF), I. de Pater e outros (UC Berkeley)
A maior tempestade do sistema solar, um anticiclone de 10.000 milhas de largura chamado Grande Mancha Vermelha, decorou a superfície de Júpiter por centenas de anos.
Um novo estudo agora mostra que Saturno – embora muito mais brando e menos colorido que Júpiter – também tem megatempestades duradouras com impactos profundos na atmosfera que persistem por séculos.
O estudo foi conduzido por astrônomos da Universidade da Califórnia, Berkeley, e da Universidade de Michigan, Ann Arbor, que analisaram as emissões de rádio do planeta, que vêm de baixo da superfície, e encontraram interrupções de longo prazo na distribuição de amônia. gás.
O estudo foi publicado hoje na revista Science Advances .
Megatempestades ocorrem aproximadamente a cada 20 a 30 anos em Saturno e são semelhantes aos furacões na Terra, embora significativamente maiores. Mas, ao contrário dos furacões da Terra, ninguém sabe o que causa as megatempestades na atmosfera de Saturno, composta principalmente de hidrogênio e hélio com traços de metano, água e amônia.
"Entender os mecanismos das maiores tempestades do sistema solar coloca a teoria dos furacões em um contexto cósmico mais amplo, desafiando nosso conhecimento atual e ampliando os limites da meteorologia terrestre", disse o principal autor Cheng Li, ex-bolsista 51 Peg b da UC Berkeley, que agora é professor assistente na Universidade de Michigan.
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pi1BagtQUi+/wAdloyHMcx6hkXtezHvDyn4dl737Whfir59CGJCH3aCuc+2xSLLLMjMzFqHIchynKcpyi1TlOU5TkOQzMi97MjIsvdGl/treJX2pj9nxL8OXxH0v4F6OliTH22WZmRkZFlllstlssssssssssssyMjIvv0f9ur8S9j7pi/DmL0f9ey3fb0n+up8va9rL3sssyLMhSMjIyMzMyMjIyMjIyL2ssvsvZGn4fWfIu57L0z+I/H4Uhel9n/X29KyfzIe1+qy+6yyyy/RZZeyIRH4Oq8tdv8A0ey3/wCds/iHx+EyPqYtn3aMqHLy9miivx77LL2RGBGIlRN2+o/27V8j7X3TI/H4f/fSxbPtZpMmJ70YmJXdW1fg0KItMSSFEVIlMirfUf8A17VuvV8v6C+/TJbKQitqRiYmJiUUV76MTEWmcaKMbKSHMc7EafzPzPsWz2XpkyK+krsj8oYy6FqCl20UYmJiYmJiYmJiUYmJiYHGzjONGK3xPCJao9Sy9ojeMPwvl/Q1stqKMSvMdmiitlJimX3Xv4PBRRiUV2UzFmJ4Q9RIeqObe1CiKAjVfgoox96X0t7UUNEUNl91mYtQzRki1vRRRRRiYlHguJnFD1UPXHrDm2XtQkKAo1vLzLwt7G/al9HZfYmXsjVyFqEZ3tRiUUYmLK2TZkzM5TmOc5znOc5mzkZmzJl70VsoyZHSFFIbJ6sUS6k0pSfY5bV9pYy2KZGRP4lWWIskKYpI8GJiY7+CkYmJiYmJgYGJiYlFFGLOJi0jBIuKJa8US6klq6ktoq5JUrHI8sr7u3Wor2UmZH9TyZzOU5EZLbExMDAwMDA4zjOI4jiRxowR4HOKHrRH1A9WbHkz+pkW9tFUW2Yleu9kvqqK7vBN/wBk4iimYMpnkss/qUii2ZSMpGcjkZys5WczOaQ9WRyzHqSHIyRnE5DkZkymxaUmYJH9TT8yS9l7V9jW1GFnGcQoyQnLb+pjAwHpscWf2LkZSMpGbM5GbMmZSMpHkpmEjjkcRhE/xicS9U49aQumZwQRGMYl+q/pr769v9jKRmjOJ4KMShqR/Y/veJOVPIsszIO3iz/JbjqC09Vi0JH8YXTxFpaUS9ND1oIes2Zah59N7V95ZaZjE44mBjM/yn+QykjM5TkRyI5InJE5InLE5kcpySZeqf5mYarOJnFplaSM0Zsvvvaivt6K7q2tlsyMjIzMzMyMjJGSMkZIyRkZmZmZmZmZMt99FFfaWX7KKMTEwMSjExMTExMSiiijEwMDAwOM4mLRkzgY4mJiYlFemyy/sLLL7KKKKKK7NRTG9U5dREdVofUZGnOMXLq9Jj1tNlp7JFxQtfRQut0UT6iLcevcSXWTbfWdRI5uqZpqZfdRXbkZF/b2ZGZki0X2UiijAxMTEqBx6bFpaRxaRx6Jx6RhpHFpHFpFQMIlFFFFFDK28GSM0ZmT/QsmKbORnKzlORHJEU4mcTKJKMWPRFoSOLUOPVOLWOHUHozFpCUUZxOSJyROWJyoeqPVM2ZMt/p/ktmRkzJmRkZmRkZMbZbL7aKKK/TqK9tFFGJiUV/57r9koooor9wv/wDD/wD/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACg/9oACAEDAQE/AS8f/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAoP/aAAgBAgEBPwEvH//EAC4QAAEDAgQEBAYDAAAAAAAAAAABITERYAIQMkEDIjNAEiAwUVBhcJCRoRNxkv/aAAgBAQAGPwL7R03BBBuTbbqe42EhTfOFIUfCewy2vy4TmxEVITzybD4EN0OVfEcyUtP2Q9+xZh7PYd1uJxrif6jPclLjp39N7Frn8+6Y+dlUVDlHTtWQrjUphHsx0GYZx09eDmUio1jV9V8KZSSbG2exKDqSaSEtyCCCCMpstOzkntKfSBV+Ep8bX4SlyJcif1ci3Iq3GtyUsue0aw2H7CeydTlKrYLZP3kjZOUsZlydMp9eMpJGQZDmxZMmdbCgdBl8sZyaiTY2IQhCEIQhDYk1GsnKMpyg5sRutjybGkgkZfXjJ8SD4zdRuGcuCg6jqO4yWM+EdCSfIy5acqeE0GlDQaEKeFDb8EfoYcdSR8tsuXAew62TGTYhsWUGkghfNBBpNBpyfEPxB8SqaRsKWjJOe2UEEeSSbmgZCUS0OVR0KU/RXwD4SvgqdM3GxGo1D4jdTplU4Y3Cwlf48JCf5KVX8HPjWy59GDSaTQaENBoNBoQ6aHTQ0IdNPwabXkk1DcZTrnXOsdY6511H4uIkkn72H//EACkQAAMAAQQCAQUBAQADAQAAAAABERAhMUFRIGFxMEBQgZGhYMHR8OH/2gAIAQEAAT8h/EvCy2zUSJhGTymJhZf/ABbwvCZJ9a4enjf+HmITwswpUXwfx53DGX/i0s3LIQ/Z+/D9/Rb8UhLE+k/zKEilwhsubn9eN8KUvikJf8KhFzSjZSlH+y+xfJWVdFvIni4JlGyl8IJfUpfy7zcUpfH9lF+j9H6ZR/GXo9kUpS+SEif8G/C5uf2aE9H6wcXLAScD9GfqeKwssRBYpcX84ss1ExZZeR9sRwEx/wDgzhfwL8f0ej/T0f6R/wDYcr+BPa/gzumEWzY+6g2xpFCYgqTwpSlxSl/KPwmCxxghBENI3Bw5c/bOkekIbs3s2BX6IaDns09mns09i+RXbDe4G9qnDU6ZqR7iSe2qGudGcrDgaY6Upfy8zoRGg3kQomcwbAvczXHq7ZUthl+2LG8U1whR8Gjsr7omuoWqWrpm7t/RwNXaE7GUgTooUZDg14vPyUJhCLFLg1EdjUvhCbmhasTEGvgaLQYYpRC3xgkaORs+cX2JlNxb1WjK42xexVGrdY68yFy8DwT8ZCZpSjUaFNkayiSBKLQfq2GwSYWdLp4p4fHGMW+H68NkPqMQ1qcIoxCcD7CpgisFxMHgn4qlKNRu9kJm57kkxYMLUY9hOodBRsLBjZS5KUpSlLiGw12PbFTdHQK8iExvDISV2VoQTFmYQn4hoinsU9ySLDKXKTY5smr3HTG8ISciUdRqIUQhMkIQSfR7McbFbE7GHmi1CGycY8GylLmJl8MrW6FiuYTCfgqNeDULxXExoQaxW42hcXKcNGSaCsvovQuH5FxfRFYoQ0WBi5bHrhriLqNoebgmIoxoRNhBBPMINfgH1I3uJF5Skw2MOlhc/SLKaC0RRlwvOqZPEINHJGD9sbmkDVwe9SWoizYbwpBBLyhjdbC7CCZcQaJ95HYSe4SnnpjSMbS9jbg1Yq0JSITT2fOjdgUeZr4Cyz3F95tTUmaVDRDbYhJInuBG9SDwyExYg14LDRjfYIJlzCfctwbbCP0GNWTss2NWVgiilo7ClRo9mnw21Q4xTuJmGhCeQp7zRtIZZVbEqCteoZZnBuKY3qwQhZngspZW2on4P7iBHuEp50foXYvRq8zCHqzkNS0NkbEyCV5Eb0ZCa69YyjBoK14S+dRUVDXBl1iA81BP+AjSVD7UaORoyxRR6C1yQXhMLNHqNPZsUKXD+2gU1YvoSm2IIQhBvF7IhaBSzkFDUTUV4FsUzd7CexfA3lX6H0DXxg0FeBororIyvA1wbQ5xpH/lwQxF8I9Yi6SYaHIk2NhIQha4NeM86KihRfbQRbV/RSykSDDLlE2LWJROMgLZBumNpuIruhqaoh6M/wDCg2pNfDGdn/h1qcJl9P8AR6V/T0r+lN/9HKDgP8N+ZnePk2BA1+xtwhtxisjogiOMa5w0vC0JCEx6jXk/JKqGF9q9EIp5MbEhs3waIbuG8JXB6CG23hqC11FYdRAtuI2L+zQYh8CEXkpnuigvcfKXxiHxwroJNrVsXc2akGxqhaHvkbGNzDasagaglhlNxrx38mqbhP7VuBYvLYbFqx6I3Yhsi3DGiEBjzhPOpX6K5EhDk9pXkQJ7I7KhtDj5NC4g5wzYaQhZ0NA17ELD0DOrkow2MsE5iWjWIeClEN0PwQ/KyHF9m9EJa8WIbGJENgQYWWWGs9D64pSizMHyKQmEfYJxP2fIrsrsqbnsPmP3wZYbsbMoqKhlh4WbcMcQtxilFjiwaFhYfkwX2bwJpl54xyaBzhwN6j0RRspyUDextTc2KXC0LJQggXudTzV9FFZtGDHywZ9mP2GNRfFCVT90UokLHJwPC2FjZ5djWvslhty8Qe2ENpzg9jkbFLriC3Ibi4N4L2H8mpRYnw+eQvHjx33i8dlsvvwVKXCiCyH/AJ4QWEci2y2Z4+7Jty8vC3x5EPbyKQTRNmrCvwUeP1hF9ZE/Yn7NcXD5HyIIKViG83IwmI3h2BwoLK8Bmwe+H90LZ9FyM3DHBoeYTEGhTWJ0NCOih5ImaaGnZoKCmX9FSlyJiUY99BfCEIaAbYIWePGcHP0VZ9pWnieeRiYIXEwxtMW6o7SUno1DDDMeEsTCYRmpqalY/ClGylzQ0dybYhzIS2iII99GghZYo2MSseEPfxYxW32jE/B4Y87MQbGUo2PYeMSojRAZM9RFBl+M6IQnjPCYhYinfAzoSNxItkJwt2LQwNRNw/un4bCV4bGhfR0Dk+22ZcPN8GjZidJRyNDTw8LVCiCcdwlijzF14o/o574Y10IE4kbsSTRbI1ewm5KaEP2FsTLZRczDWKJU2GzcS8G/FuYEp9sxP6EIOyNYNUeJsOBsGU2GWyFpsIYpYsJvsTfRfRBUOGg+BHRBBJBp0X0VvgXQJxPLxbBnzVixO4SGiELPQXYg2biX0nqQ+4aE8X6DSGpsIIh4IZAUsNHuNdDnKJ0JmkQR2J3WP3iaYnwfDw15JIm8IcrETEdj3scsUyNi7ldg/kQmLqUS+Rj1Nh4K1+nv92TEJ4UuSjRWsOolEZJ0OWwRsYnTVjSHfAwwro19nYJCdCjs+TwV2X2N+2QbsZPHNu8R9CYjsS6RwkG8iQStsCW0T9ss6/Rq98NzBWxdvpNm4lPvdi+DxSlLgxLEkROiUNCR6sPyU60GhWQeo26GpujQmM0PmWWWNihe58yCUfATcIT+GLkE8i6WLxIXxbPQr0NPkSgpaGi5Okoe2L4Qng2JUk+4pfJo2KUo3iE8knwycbjNSQm0IcirdJirtCjlEjdC7iE/mCZwIn0fAnojok/c+TE/bK7Z82L2ZHs+QXWJIi9HABId4zgwcFzu6NeAbucbktR7ZFPclExCEJ4MY1Z2feLxpuNeUyQhBQo3yRLQkGeD4wHHg9TFAm5Ej3Grg9jF0c6RDie8f/RC8kKuBn0DkHt/0PvMfQ2NOC+BJDfyFwG8Ee3F8DnZfIOoxIQuCZflS4PXDb75MvkyZS8phMGga8JD18o2BxXei9iPuyLbGeE7CE0Toxhq4vaew9o+8fYPsK/Z6WV5/wAF1wrg/sns/o0l2v5ZfY+CHvr+nD0Q7g6wKXD8bhWJfgqXxQmUazCERPF3s9XSQS3EJu0Cb8GR6w9W0QAlGrOLWi5XEVYOcmvhhOeAwbOP0OOhap0ifUxLqa/eFLsI9Rxi/Z20Nu1+Dcwb+EK3ILwuGXCt7FMn4i+EJ4T6NmL4BXdDpqPcIi/gxPnZzHLXMjkE3j/CPH+Gof8AxCPH+CUxfZynsxwGOozgSFsFFN/9EAOHQ07QbttBs93iiZS5NstiUnnfwqYnmEITDWSYaxBiNZKhBe4sF8kfqR0PQj0D0D0D0I09C+JeE/Zj+Z8B9Q2kfYvFN0VhMrEIMpfxFKIJBTEIQhM6EXir9Bp0OSMqTvFt1nssTFvFFGuhOVoSXQE5X9pkXNyy8JINPCEJiEepT/GzKbGSrvE8GgsDQkWaJG4kxN7n6GhowbXVFut+io/sNAbL4Ngn9YwknxEcqcdN1/QjSLfyXNSfFEM/cJSt/Bo+h6EujXqDcuvqjeSDHRsRMkIMqGhRX45fQpQnF2QiuJAn8C+CLo9hPeK9BXwUu5C3X+GgOUmBLpnqHpDcTeEXoHV/AW8hbdi/Q/RDvF+xGWQbTk94+gfoNxWP8a8r67bEgS5Pcdgq3SPWKR7R7JQ8jQ7gDvMlt/kfH/kTCuR/5hUd/wDs5O/ln/xYwPuGoZpG8Ise8pz4whBr8evrvEITKRr2XsJHJWBFZZRZeLtD7iuyvwTCCwQhCEzPx0+xhMwhMjQ0ampqajprnUjKKzIJVhMT6D/HT68+pS518YQhBIhPpsf4xfZTzpfCZhCEITypfqNfiZ9rCD84TOpqa/Sf0Z4tfiV9msQaIQYgxJmuNfoRkIQY/rv8QhYf2CxcPE8iQhCEIQhCZfhPoz8YsP7ReFF9SlLg2XF/KoWH9gvBfTXk8P67y/uv/9oADAMBAAIAAwAAABAAQDQABCxASgRxxSCjSwxHmHc7bKpzgSjUEAQRDiCxCCgziR01EAAChzDQigCwigCBCAj2ATfutjgriwBwSGyzixyDRAwwQQTix2gAByigQijQizjzgCjE2VgQCwiBiDzShiDSAzwCxTzjiiiBiTyTjQzQCjySgBQTCTSATRyDwSQzSTDARASCQzxTmwAzgAwBDBzzxiwBSiTQxiABCgBBRCChxRyBSCjjygRhhiCSgQwRRjSCyDzzCQzQAxywzzzjThAAQwRwwSyhTAAUwihQjBBwiXTEFzRwzhjgAwigwgyBDSTCAwygzgAAiQjRSiQjElQLThigzRRDwhXTCRTCjxQQxQSxzyxRRSwwQSASRBzhARjjBtdmdI5WlgjRwTyDTjRTjhBBARCzzDDyBxRDiACCBhQDkiyDiwAQ2jmVjQQzlegSjyyiCAjBgDAwgwzjSAzhwAwwBzSBj7yQRRxgDyTWVkTBjSTCCKVCjtPGiCDBAzhSAzDDABQiyzjjI4wihgCRhmF0QRABRzSxCi81xRmsSmmBSQiShBCzgARyTSgClmRxy0TCRAhWUXkUFCSlTFF3EmF28lm2hVCRyDBzjz3jAQwiwFX9DijMZDjlX3WXXFkFGm1mBikV1zTj2gxiDwQwTWjzwTT3yBT3WxDhjXCgkElwzlHiQzxDxBwgDFUzjj2wQgSxiDTwDBAAADyQQ223RwAG1zmV1ygQijSDzRgAjwgmlRhWGDyDDDDyQyTwyzhijyBCFRhzCnwAVWHWVRSTBjTAySBAHwTRzXCCBCRBDSADzzjAyiRwxBCVgyS2ggjn0CQwwAxBBDQCAzwhDCzm3whzRTTxBDDSzwgAxjwhSAXhSU3SyCiTyjQghyzQCTgSzwRAkQxChDyzRBjCwwxADxRyzxSjDByWzywjADBBQjxhjBCzwzDyRQDQAwyQAAwCwAAARQhCQQBxxRRCjiwjkVzSQAATBwwCBDDQzBA3UQTByCRRAxwCABDzwyijBCCxQ13ShiTCSiBFxmJYSjzTgjhiQ1kxCBgxjCATzxjCzwjhhRhwBVAQTRhTGmAgShW3AjhDwijhRQk3AjixxBgBTjziCzxiCxzwgxigzhzwRyiRAQA2UChKogyACDQigzATQjRgDxgxQwwzzwCjQwwBCBxBlERCzxghx0EGmCmHxSDCijT02BDyygiRhgzxDgRjADiAAiyyykH9Hn1VTwBXknHm30V0k1lGnNWGjjTRQDxhzyDkAQAQwgTBRSD3EnXllEX0n3X0m0nUnHGnWGWdHliyzWyjSBwzAxiDABDTjRhxA1AABRzQCxmHHnA3lkEDjW1kgFj2xTixDgxywBATyBzwBwABxwDyCABxxzzyDz1yDwEEDzyCCGDyBzwABzwABzwDwDz/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACg/9oACAEDAQE/EC8f/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAoP/aAAgBAgEBPxAvH//EACkQAQEBAAICAgIDAAIDAQEBAAEAESExEEFRYSBxMIGRQKGxweHR8fD/2gAIAQEAAT8Q/wCDlnlthh87E8yZMeB5tyWXmWerZWw+bPibR1IrH6hN+zZPcvYw7Y3bN7sPUfqInq0WGcXHuRfVn1By4Oy0vU25bb42Ij8GZnwfjv4b4223/g5+DM+TwRDJJdeDu23mHwsj5h14hYT9s58WnqN9uwCcdXJ7kX3Y9bZnrbj3Ctx9Xrxu/Vz87Lx1afEO5e2IO5XLYebZmseTyRZJZMxH4bb438V/4jMzPgiyPB4ySbPDzdWyyaxD9Wv1a9En1Fz64kdifgS/i+QbD1f2WfPMHHDLD/ygfX/cqdkcvz5T4hEc+55drEpbbAsFkH4EeHw9TB43ztv47/w38GZ8kedh5h8M+Hwy54Ag2AsJee58OP3cjmeXcj5yz5nGwNtz2kL75v1/qGzYwuPdvxcshvJDngV20ly3W2uGT8B5I8Mvx23+DIP+Iz5fBDbLLDDbdyEz4WWG5PF8kg6lL3aw93JOup35s+5RK+nY32Qnc0+73wwfPMIPEah54L/L31YCR6mbLbZto7cdmT53zkeFll5/lCP+LkklkllnlfBDDDdzMyyw2Idzd20PKs593N7ZH3I9sx6U/i4fDLdos9P9ynD/ALafOyC0PDa+5+1wXHjJmybBGozu6OJf4dmM2Pwyzxln47bb43/hs/i3uzzsMMvhlkcsOXS3nyKZXeZ69y58WvyWpzidHZNfakR3DKHYfqz6X6bfkgz2z6b/AOgj4v8AsleSMdRvthHgky5b34DvgI+H8ttlltiPyLP4Nt/DfyPD/O+N8NoQ7Nsp58fuYtuxi3Z3OJx7mfZvopF43YntJN/uNn4hewn7LE6JSB2l9XffMKHDfst4udpyFg9RyWYwhHgUCedzt8NmbbZZbYYY/l23+E/J/N/A8tttsssm2W1sHwkepS5raPlY2/8AOlzC4/qsJ4WH9mOmz6xe3/Zde3/d+3/m9H+iPdZ96ui795luV+R2O/oXhsXkV2jmFnOls7n1zHk5hZyQHridfu5zIM9R4NfBvgeDebbZZfBEfzP8I+N8bbb+O2z+T4LDH6hvq2y7BO5+KD8Q7zHkkLpCF4B+gj07+m5P5AtsT/OQc7D9XB7fCX1P9W+5/q35n+4C8F+y15A/CX+3wS+j6Vg4L+yx9x2cQe4+QldFk7IG9QnrYQ6nl1JsSfo+Bh6vtHgHfG22y8fgRH8O+N/l222222223wv8GMtYTH0gjKQQBN7dwe4+8J3dny+InfqDmfyf2snz/pNI8Mw/Ms9SL6LdlfVsFfU29x/1I6ItugPuE66fJPOD4jZz/wCBv8lL/VL+7G8zl9wxE7sfTI9W3rwu5+sn4n42z1Y22/kER42238Ntt/m22222222238hQ2IE78DhIsSA7je74S9bmFeS68g2AWq37fROH95cA4g7W064se76WD3Z+cg+7qT6s31H7Fm92T3lekq9n+TjqexLpwx67PI/eTwifMHRPCNyH+EFOdIB7kWYGzaNgwep34dSiz8D8Ntt8bNtv/A22222238ciFAPVoTWtB2xuuZ7hc/Llo8q3zQL1fEgdL1tAOScvfMrc65S5K2y/Ex7hkCA+LI4Mv6yugJT3zaMXOm1+Nh547leU7lJy9wxAZFvX4jfbzPjiF7IQ6LHpYXUe+MLedLf3D8wIFw2GdeFUoefBH4H4M/ifz7+QQQH4D8mJ724Jrs2QDlLYPUEnJAleoK24Ic3IPM/XAtrNow02NsZDzYTERP8AcUe+Bn1P9fHD7gHpt73GdyX4COc+Ac+Wc4JHnvAcDm13Ce7QlNgNl9E/ogOp7hC+FW/M4yGY1RZ/A/8AJIPG223aM9dHcQXqC6C4JTVMj7Zyc4I8BZg8pObqB6gz7taWCeheha7Fp6kOyKvY4R9oV17l+rUiADQIejn5levNw6rDgtNmPNrnU88nU9SwRmcSDxbgDc0fOx6uUNp7n1LDmP8A3yF9wGDCWD4NY4k/F/nf4DwQ2yDthccm3t4ITl5YDLQtly0s74J/Uo7ZJ4Ir4tGHXM5kYWntujgkfPNyWz/acZ9UtWPrf3Y9/wCb5ERv7h9G2vk2w6Fn6v8AU/Vh/cnbIfZsj0SdXKBhc9JGMWjptMOLjhldxHq6ttjE0fEmEkfU8xaXLjw2lpDcMx8FLbfzyyyz83w/wqHK2rh2H6uPi9BYeFt58GlkOcJTeLGZ65jjVyEediwvAfMsP9DL2kZ2QdYXdyGP1Y9cz+7Z7h/qCe4+RDdl+lIXBGc/EU59Xbqw7yfgWbxYOuJ4hbn1PL1cHxcPufkywxCaOAjwn4tDOpz2lLtASwyb4Di23nwdSHkuRekg5wtvwD4Dj/gsz/CPDky2vj4hHB42227s5jHbfTCdvza/Rd06ldM/VmDlk4EYHzBXAYWbwSZbhJVmRFM77l44nud9Qnu0eo+1s9sJ7g+m05jL7K3Lq1sq9w+4LeYz3aRHHd1E+BVsUchbFJV7uVilr1J8C5hsMhZzHEPEoIXEuW5l63vwk2TZjH/gP8AjWTzgRcnluvO+dCAt6CH2sg8Bsnetp6kBjZGcwk5iyD7NgDLse3OJq4McfczEP6guQh548I655t+rGz6unUi4vrDtfFr4hrY2PtfeJnRKn3CTkwugb+6V4uI5YWVHtTi4BY93qp6IAW2hnRB6bH6lIv1BOzwULsO92PUmWRK2L6l+ZwuvzGnEMPgSSR/xQP3Dd6Rjg8rDd3B3PCS8T2KwHAnSX3BnMuM5bWlya6LoY4iJ6HxcJeZkjws61+vqxSf3cKh8dM9AT5JH3HaIz6svuNe/ER7jPm/uN+bdO8tB5bm7j5bPqFI9SvUvVcUCsUFf1HgBOf8A6TzXHHEidCCuZ+ig1nZdser2ktSPSd831tDD5ji235n4WSyG3iYAYkjvKAI8G7CSTPxz+bOLLh3KpGcHjq3wW4S/MKATuNR5rYeLZyI5XZAC3MojmX1n/qR2rtcWFq5AQ4/1Md3D1YFP2QqoP9lspP2/9S+fs0Rup7FY9iSp1sfAlr7l/F+jPwWrBYXrY4OmR4dkbx95hLxB+DljTdD30uX4dDxP5unoktJskbmXBhljRebHY9QKBueydc3DqTZ9L9bPm3Lu6idWZdW+UGT0fsgERQSSSc+T+Yi+6Re5gzx6mY6n6l5vYyhd9W/UA6zJhN9wAv8AVi2ZvUSTPZgfeMWO8Wg3q3MDDuFDDb4DbgahrPYn6bJA58kcc/ruZ5K/pI7CdRP2LTv/ALMvbH9v/wCXyv8AXh425sI6Cerf7Y3/AIUS39UBciD9l6P/AIC4QdfRfF/tvi//ACH7QGnawHdG6Gtv7hvPhc7gIXu+bFiieoQgDfDmRHEO3D3cPB4yTib0Fob4F3JJsmQfzo0YOj0QAv34Z6guFhbcthCqZlHjuRfUuHHi1ephHviAH3k45tHM4P8AuGThP9Huy+XpNi4rz9zrgZ8jL7Z92c5D9L5DlpzgyTFGWOmuxwDUD9z8RkTdye63vptuz+2eLgf3KNQ/qdYx+iXbn9wc9H7s60cQE6zIMxzIzNz9WpijewTu6wHdY14kc3cKOWcTkk6Fj34R6j5twOLCeGHYtuBJj+ODJHP03FDF3ZJ/OFo5h8mZ43XC4F7otvotjdLTi7nS/cl6L5LkcT4Hu+HqQOFvWWCc2fvP3ew7+7mx1ZODfsuhyTjeT8Np7F1Ev7mvOktzmfcP6SvaWDt/qQ43g4iKHpBByli4a5c8c2EwgDDl8ynKbE9G5QSHdHLbtsy71L5Md88XrC3OXmwZItRdohd2bkfoGKa3a92WTmkbUYZlDbpmLLLZvW9ngRMk/wAJ+AXJWZlBhZJPco+22c8eZmW9zYFz5aDZd7vdifk2UtdNmFpsp7Elb4Ge5t3YNxYJyMsaf9W3qHA6va5scxSXL7jYu3+ww4ZHdnZw3ENjFiciAPxtGPDhbk4m3d4ug2W4Z9rG3K7e1eYT1xF66vjnby2nUxuMbxsk+0s08bzeuX4d9t6ywdQ93NLmevA7jj4PKaR/Q3WPGzP8oXAfMUyfLlur3ZvKHRdzjLm/EXB7jTJ82Ql3gWT4+LiXfPuQRGRY/Bhwi+ZCObfPYftheOIbpy+zm4OMwXsuX3Afdr7QfphPTa3NCEdpZ+0nd925ykmZDq4eyAMC8dITg5le0+IlmwXCZBxl/RJ+1ykYRBkzeUeb3DfB7h2i9xZZHM+EsXwN7mf5NlzLQjx897I5EYmEdHiJ2n/1v3vklX9TglcE2D5uz+YH7lx5cXDNZORvJaO2B6j3qOHuA9wPu3fUP3FZOm6eZfmA9tjO/D6trL9Wnc/a07Zx0ztxt7zL9xJ7ge2C9X737Rmx+548TL8wKfcy/wBodvkuEeG8ObSb3m51cZnzHyY9PnZ/mHmOgzvuyBBe5cTfPdIc8K2e2yd46vV37gd21nU2k4zOGbvqGnT/ACCfX9SHTtw7MZVdGHOeID6lp1Gfu42ceh/2WGD/ALD9xA9MHONP3O/CROBD8pfu+7cPudPpIIN7mE/Et1PDlkXi4yE2PhcCLr3aSIHMxinMEp4ZF7vG3LrA48dF0jkXQTunjU3glN8HVtvM/JPD/Odq4yzwnEE93qz3EfFw1blozSzzHxC3q4H/ANlyROB/7tn5WxsT3aPT9XN3p92HpJE9Q83J7vlapww/MC35MC+EHs7Y/EB0pbLYv9ly0/Uf1H3PPuMOpW5P3tzHMv1K9ydDbAeCIh/dbty4xHMXQucOb3PMcQbqXCXMuuRwfA9S4CLILPC0A92Aedn+M8ZBJpHgjr8R1epnS0uLlhvbHwzyv7tZZTSKPguLI4aWh+FmPnUu8Sj8SfrbH4yT92MnbXq3vRa9XyQTRbMO7a2b7YOPmEPU49QpfmcWmxyxfUJI6Flc8C4XRmdTC7BLNDbueYDHof8ASPMLiCfqwN8TuYuvjtPYR5WE+P0XEH4bP57438CI47bEuWyyhlLniFnmY4rQjjpGiB7iy5K1zbLZX8lsxYfXI1zAHfMwL1zfRJ3qc+pbLC+qGPVreYqTnU8XcqzPckmdQnlbF6Ib6tGbdy+cf1L7x4hx/Nd1wRu8mHwSQ74tHFkE9XPPZkGNvEHzbiTZ6nA8HbCF18HBt3EcS25ZZPdza/4B5InEhfouVsvL6Sc+MibXm8DiyRbdmeAdMqbcSym5MM1wtnwr4WXMONyRz/8AZTuJeiy2PqS30zWtT9SVnEV36iv1heoz1e4kJHo9tTguXgyOWBYvS3GiE9mrsLPsUOOINv0EnFyQXAkevUGL7p5WM7420c8DbbZrn6oBng8P8hEPjbbDYOMu282Sz3Hkcr4kNstkm222jSQnqai68kPLtNrpPdcWuSS7x2/ojsd/Ut6VhTpSwdG+AhNQ9JCe8k+A/u+jZF7WvSt/TA9kD6J9eTk4G3GHCFI9rsuICn98RiC2eFmnG5d5me7RwNscYZtjvbrG8tpXUw5mCz6uVYlk+GzmPK5beHVkn8H+HPzZY5tOu70NpM3myCO7IINlEj2et7kN6E4u5OZAHqQ7gLw2hws5zZh9x7qUcS5uGYe4XcW5VDev8Yy4ReuXL2v7h9xT6bb6bjxzHuGG+mV8QBzn+3vP9Xzq9LLpUjdD+rozfEJRy26P2tGafcrG9MCU3jgsuNtBDg42wQlfB8XEM92rxBWsAW3qXyeGXJVYRhrM/wDC223xnh31GjzGrhZ4eJxNPA7tIn8siJGlm4j8B7lMb9l0G/TL2l/FnHXEO62Ac34VIHrbHtkJfSE9/wC75Q3ov+5fg/uEUI6X+XNv/hfAv8vTp1P+yT7f9le5V5cn9uVflhYnvAgu56FbAzBnO7bmWEPgtXEfjZtTD+w4j7mHwQAYQjlg9Mr4s+eTbngJbefB5AtYU2Z87b/JtvkI87INz9iC22y+C3F8TPuPvIyB64b0XS+Ti09kmFrcJ93VO+HYRBoecjfJy3OGd+jG+d7xI+z/AEn4iU9yumW9a8A3ZkeoL6dycs4Ti6z7r2iQ9CX2f5P8U19IvS7uZPUC6X6mKI/MQ4reuFu3n/etmxosQMMLtJ6ebKOdgEHOiVCx45eGeFDu+GXm2Bxbbbbb/Dv4rbbbbHg3xlmeNeS32kfMjZPu+AsW0xizJZbs6sPi1axaCIkN474meNLMyZqEnCv0z679p3BSwcU+S45f7Enw16arD6MtdJ+wgD3HXXgAQDY+WB3FgL1AfO5zFj9bsh/u4vD+iLqo7iL7b04fA3ZRwTBfu73B8Fyvyypfrq4HAh2tvSLBMREQ5QQWeGHVq2PMXOJfO2/zLbb+PUoz1HhfBwT+rk7u7PATrwb9/H7WV06sXRbwj5J3caz+YxwP0zzDX6s+y/q+W3237sLCz4M+sP0zHT/uA7f7jrN+yMt2/qz7VF5v+MD8sHADPJoMnkD+iV6/6krwfpl9zH9s/cLqHon9yT/ALu4S40fVz2w+W7xvhay74+eBGMxPRFGQQdE9cpOeHvjxvMWkeBHzJ6R84Dp/w1tt/HPwwg2y+VsPc/FhTsgGCCf1JJJD2IOx7u7z+/CXYNPqH/7klmT7Lb1v6van9R6h+594g4iW2TJIWBOY/wCQWDf8nXHZFdVyTXtQ3wTBwpZ3BXt/qFcKfcW6n9nJH/sqj1P0Ns6f6TIXu/sguF//AOe71YfT/wDia/4ht7RfK5aMx+Xmx6cl/MznIc2XF7tkE/CU6l3WOOrWzbPCeH8D+HbZ/E8PnfDjAbn14yYqD5uUM4v2Wb14Z8WICyyOOorpD8lp6f3Log/qOV/SWPyvu6H6m2xxEZzkv/2k/kOfLcdyTvLkd8EBzL2JcMD0Hcbdn9Mazf8Assm6/wBMPX/Q2dqPSwuwP0I4DLewWWqfYGTD+3izs37suSf6uA1Pjq57d+1j4xfGXEbfwJBE/eXcE+45TL4Orh3DsNpIbdukgZF6iOwwT14IIIyZ85Z/wjzvjZbfBCkfIjH3ZcfFiIeMGV6nfZ+G22k5HyXH0XCJbvf0LXlfobI6P+7T2fuBfR9QngEqz+g2bU7Xg39SXK/ue1B6if1PyLFXKZ2Kn0Qg/wCjPMdZqbf++BcftwGR7Mo/9mpByI+b/wAOl3g/QmeRjiYnu6WrZxK6IVqxO+YAcFkllkWhP8jbf4XzstvhbuyIPOsgw+4z1fuw29t+GX0Tu2SvZB9eDJm/Oz9qRfeWX6sMduDnZ/kWfU0+lyjDfn/wlLcJJQP/AMb/APgweh/mU9/4vqS3wbLoUv039z+gTfLkK8qCXN3Zka9DJ6h7uLJYPVh5AvrxRAPcn1Kth/4G22fm+XwFlkeO54tiDOpTuV3JdMBY8V+DHS0vtFYfVlZ4cQ3lggkGAM6tDjmBvPMjNBtHMz61hdqGWvqfqueXEBk6XwWXt/lhTne5K9g7XiRIh3xTuEx7OmE9SHfFweWy9wPqAdFvwSsjbvu2CMvYZPpMHmyzwf8AByyz+HIILJLPCy3MEETI09wOmH7ITviGOlh+5KdSX3aterXjLFnhsubxKvVrgP7nfsA5zYBM/RtI4sFz8Ij/AO4/6NrMt0jnt1IOG41Ev/2xPPX+zILjT9wnhftv/Trs/wAf1tx7f8CXdDAAtTYcez/tojnd05A50fAzhFOMAf8AiwrN6vP7uVD/ACXPAXt3Jt5Ya83P1atEHOZFiQ7YnXMp0ZCe45hjxllkf8XfwyyyyCz8GXwEIPOy2822yC6WD7kHgldkE7SI8QE7Vl7D+rn5RYPKJXmZV42Rd5y9TJMRF2wK4Tvxd5b+r/8AppvY/wCwXP8A55z4sbs/Zd3/ANsBO8+SeEiK4T84sH/gkucDOnqcvKQ7zEGB0bcvUe7LtSf3IT0ky+pxG5LdranwbseBth8ZZ+L/ABb422W38Mss8ZH4rwEIjxtv5b8WwXUbpy9hLdv9jjdSwcP8g4QCwx/sjhv+yfYntAuiP+21Ab9Ml/rnmGXLPr/7JOZz5/8Aq08Cf0kM/wDCK8D9RvX+NnFH3mNh+VHtXbA7T2Ew+NXxlu0CWcBO4jf8fq2957CsX3BBZGG5T8rD1ZBEMRH4ZZZM/nllnjLLbfwLLPyfDJzZBCyyzmCzzn5J8RZFbSxwhSZBsm7uSjpQh28EJWeonZPxT9sfbfv/ANj75hXXiij2tHtnXuXPU7IZ/CfSzH1sWbBZxZMTGbYiIh/gfyLLLLPJBZ/Dk/gEQLPGeePD4/cFnN+pkV8P1gssNmLqF8yyQDxTzC+ywvzcvVkduvAUa92Nh+L0kfS/Sznrwwks8MzGYYiIttt8b+CSWfgR+OQQfnlnl85BBxEySz8Uss8bbzd+GZ5HbJ6g5ty2WUZXotfFz8XPxL8C5+LFgbPq3E17Y+ngPBk8S3Ph4tm23wDJBERF68n5P57bbbZZ/GzPgIeNjy2fnkBBZMyyy348b8X2u0tp8WDA2yTb7nj9bULe79rILGDIzL9pi2zbzbO2+V4k25PBF6hhtiPzfzyz+Lfy7iBBZcx42bbfw7swsg8bBpPzsfELqW9392282mEe7PhgfmyBMmPzYxtvMEQQHzKfMi2222WP14S6WSXqQuTqO/B4Ij82yyyyyCzznnbfO/wZELJ87M/geNi236tghZKkmDvgtH3B8Dhc/Fi7LH4jbGROpH4ubn4hIRCfcZsX0s5ss2S/rxhZxAsmWEnP1cTfazniyIiPOx+O/hvnfy3+MIQ/Bnh8sXu293PjY5erpzaEb4IPkhIfFv48Hl4a+JR6j6wPZIuETXj+sXgdeP1JJd7s5s8Mxnx+vBh6v+rNnHlmfJ+Ox/Hv4Lb+O/mRCJXvxs/jnktjwNvN+o2Vxnc9w/LK2Vv0Wnu0nPmf9jrqwgsCOfueJFy9yCeXdr7iaxp5hy4t+rvzzF1PN1MzN+vBcfkQ+H+NvX4+/B4fJ5fm7XqY7mJjwxMePUd+BHU+vBnuI7fD14L3errE+CbtF7T3HXk8eo7b359+Pm6T0TdJmO/wOvy9R59/j68Hj//Z)
Imagem de rádio de Saturno tirada com o VLA em maio de 2015, com as emissões de
rádio mais brilhantes de Saturno e seus anéis subtraídas para aumentar o contraste
nas emissões de rádio mais fracas entre as várias bandas latitudinais na atmosfera.
Como a amônia bloqueia as ondas de rádio, as características brilhantes indicam áreas
onde a amônia está esgotada e o VLA pode ver mais profundamente na atmosfera. A
ampla faixa brilhante nas latitudes do norte é o resultado da tempestade de 2010
em Saturno, que aparentemente esgotou o gás de amônia logo abaixo da nuvem de gelo
de amônia, que é o que vemos a olho nu. Crédito: RJ Sault e I. de Pater
Imke de Pater, professora emérita de astronomia e ciências da Terra e planetárias da UC Berkeley, estuda gigantes gasosos há mais de quatro décadas para entender melhor sua composição e o que os torna únicos, empregando o Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array no Novo México para sondar as emissões de rádio das profundezas do planeta.
"Em comprimentos de onda de rádio, sondamos abaixo das camadas de nuvens visíveis em planetas gigantes . Como as reações químicas e a dinâmica alteram a composição da atmosfera de um planeta, as observações abaixo dessas camadas de nuvens são necessárias para restringir a verdadeira composição atmosférica do planeta, um parâmetro chave para o planeta. modelos de formação", disse ela. “As observações de rádio ajudam a caracterizar processos dinâmicos, físicos e químicos , incluindo transporte de calor, formação de nuvens e convecção nas atmosferas de planetas gigantes em escalas global e local”.
Conforme relatado no novo estudo, de Pater, Li e o estudante de pós-graduação da UC Berkeley, Chris Moeckel, descobriram algo surpreendente nas emissões de rádio do planeta: anomalias na concentração de gás amônia na atmosfera, que eles conectaram às ocorrências passadas de megatempestades em hemisfério norte do planeta.
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Uma enorme tempestade domina a superfície bastante inexpressiva de Saturno em uma
imagem tirada pela sonda Cassini em 25 de fevereiro de 2011, cerca de 12 semanas após
a poderosa tempestade ter sido detectada pela primeira vez no hemisfério norte do
planeta. A megatempestade é vista ultrapassando a si mesma enquanto circunda
todo o planeta. Os astrônomos descobriram nas profundezas da atmosfera os efeitos
posteriores de megatempestades que ocorreram centenas de anos atrás. As listras
escuras são as sombras dos anéis de Saturno. Crédito: NASA/JPL/Space
Science Institute
Segundo a equipe, a concentração de amônia é menor em altitudes médias, logo abaixo da camada superior de nuvens de amônia-gelo, mas tornou-se enriquecida em altitudes mais baixas, 100 a 200 quilômetros mais fundo na atmosfera. Eles acreditam que a amônia está sendo transportada da atmosfera superior para a inferior através dos processos de precipitação e reevaporação. Além do mais, esse efeito pode durar centenas de anos.
O estudo revelou ainda que, embora Saturno e Júpiter sejam feitos de gás hidrogênio, os dois gigantes gasosos são notavelmente diferentes. Embora Júpiter tenha anomalias troposféricas, elas foram ligadas às suas zonas (faixas esbranquiçadas) e cinturões (faixas escuras) e não são causadas por tempestades como em Saturno. A diferença considerável entre esses gigantes gasosos vizinhos está desafiando o que os cientistas sabem sobre a formação de megatempestades em gigantes gasosos e outros planetas e pode informar como eles serão encontrados e estudados em exoplanetas no futuro.
Mais informações: Cheng Li, Efeito profundo e duradouro das Tempestades Gigantes de Saturno, Avanços da Ciência (2023). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9419 . www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg9419
Informações da revista: Science Advances