Cientistas demonstram maneira nova e aprimorada de produzir luz infravermelha, com pontos quânticos
Cientistas da Universidade de Chicago demonstraram uma maneira de criar luz infravermelha usando pontos quânticos coloidais. Os pesquisadores disseram que o método é muito promissor; os pontos já são tão eficientes quanto os métodos...
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)
O pesquisador da UChicago, Xingyu Shen, segura um dispositivo que usa pontos quânticos para produzir luz infravermelha – um avanço científico que pode levar a novos lasers ou sensores. Crédito: Jean Lachat
Cientistas da Universidade de Chicago demonstraram uma maneira de criar luz infravermelha usando pontos quânticos coloidais. Os pesquisadores disseram que o método é muito promissor; os pontos já são tão eficientes quanto os métodos convencionais existentes, embora os experimentos ainda estejam em estágios iniciais.
Os pontos poderão algum dia formar a base de lasers infravermelhos, bem como de sensores pequenos e econômicos, como aqueles usados em testes de emissões de escapamento ou bafômetros.
"Neste momento, o desempenho destes pontos está próximo das fontes comerciais de luz infravermelha existentes , e temos razões para acreditar que poderíamos melhorar significativamente isso", disse Philippe Guyot-Sionnest, professor de física e química na Universidade de Chicago, membro do o Instituto James Frank e um dos três autores do artigo publicado na Nature Photonics . "Estamos muito entusiasmados com as possibilidades."
O comprimento de onda certo
Os pontos quânticos coloidais são pequenos cristais – você poderia colocar um bilhão no ponto final desta frase – que emitem diferentes cores de luz dependendo do tamanho que você os produz. São muito eficientes e fáceis de fabricar e já estão sendo utilizados em tecnologia comercial; você já deve ter comprado uma TV de pontos quânticos sem saber.
No entanto, esses pontos quânticos estão sendo usados para produzir luz no comprimento de onda visível – a parte do espectro que os humanos podem ver. Se você queria luz de pontos quânticos no comprimento de onda infravermelho, quase não teve sorte.
Mas a luz infravermelha tem muitos usos. Em particular, é muito útil para fazer sensores. Se você quiser saber se gases nocivos estão saindo do escapamento do seu carro, ou testar se seu hálito está acima do limite legal de álcool, ou ter certeza de que o gás metano não está saindo de sua planta de perfuração, por exemplo, você usa luz infravermelha . Isso ocorre porque diferentes tipos de moléculas absorvem, cada um, luz infravermelha em um comprimento de onda muito específico, por isso são fáceis de distinguir.
“Portanto, um método econômico e fácil de usar para produzir luz infravermelha com pontos quânticos pode ser muito útil”, explicou Xingyu Shen, estudante de graduação e primeiro autor do novo estudo.
Os lasers infravermelhos agora são produzidos por meio de um método chamado epitaxia molecular, que funciona bem, mas exige muito trabalho e custo. Os cientistas pensaram que poderia haver outra maneira.
Guyot-Sionnest e sua equipe vêm experimentando pontos quânticos e tecnologia infravermelha há anos. Com base em suas invenções anteriores, eles tentaram recriar uma técnica de “cascata” que é amplamente usada para fazer lasers, mas que nunca havia sido alcançada com pontos quânticos coloidais .
Nesta técnica de “cascata”, os pesquisadores passam uma corrente elétrica através de um dispositivo, que envia milhões de elétrons através dele. Se a arquitetura do dispositivo estiver correta, os elétrons viajarão por uma série de níveis de energia distintos, como se caíssem em uma série de cachoeiras. Cada vez que o elétron desce um nível de energia , ele tem a chance de emitir parte dessa energia na forma de luz.
Os pesquisadores se perguntaram se poderiam criar o mesmo efeito usando pontos quânticos. Eles criaram uma “tinta” preta de trilhões de minúsculos nanocristais, espalharam-na sobre uma superfície e enviaram um corrente elétrica .
“Achamos que provavelmente funcionaria, mas ficamos realmente surpresos com o quão bem funcionou”, disse Guyot-Sionnest. "Imediatamente, desde a primeira vez que tentamos, vimos luz."
Na verdade, eles descobriram que o método já era tão eficiente quanto outras formas convencionais de produzir luz infravermelha, mesmo em experimentos exploratórios. Com mais ajustes, disseram os cientistas, o método poderia facilmente superar os métodos existentes.
Aplicações potenciais
Eles esperam que a descoberta possa levar a luzes infravermelhas e lasers significativamente mais baratos, o que poderia abrir novas aplicações.
“Acho que é um dos melhores exemplos de aplicação potencial para pontos quânticos”, disse Guyot-Sionnest. "Muitas outras aplicações poderiam ser alcançadas com outros materiais, mas esta arquitetura realmente só funciona por causa da mecânica quântica. Acho que está impulsionando o campo de uma forma realmente interessante."
Mais informações: Xingyu Shen et al, Eletroluminescência intrabanda em cascata de infravermelho médio com pontos quânticos coloidais HgSe – CdSe core-shell, Nature Photonics (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01270-5
Informações do jornal: Nature Photonics