Pesquisadores sequestram tecnologia de células solares para desenvolver um teste simples de pulverização de chumbo
Os pesquisadores da AMOLF usaram as propriedades especiais dos semicondutores de perovskita para desenvolver um teste de pulverização simples para demonstrar a presença de chumbo. A perovskita é um material adequado para uso em LEDs...
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Spray de detecção de chumbo em vidro. Crédito: AMOLF
Os pesquisadores da AMOLF usaram as propriedades especiais dos semicondutores de perovskita para desenvolver um teste de pulverização simples para demonstrar a presença de chumbo. A perovskita é um material adequado para uso em LEDs e células solares, por exemplo. Uma superfície contendo chumbo brilha em verde brilhante quando é pulverizada com o teste. Este teste é 1.000 vezes mais sensível do que os testes existentes e os pesquisadores não encontraram resultados falsos positivos ou falsos negativos. O estudo foi publicado em 27 de novembro na revista Environmental Science & Technology .
"Nós sequestramos a tecnologia dos semicondutores de perovskita e a usamos em um teste de chumbo amplamente implantável . Ninguém nesta disciplina jamais havia pensado nisso", diz Lukas Helmbrecht, pesquisador do grupo Self-Organizing Matter liderado por Wim Noorduin na AMOLF. “Estamos muito satisfeitos com estes resultados”, diz Noorduin. “É um projeto muito legal e é muito raro que pesquisas fundamentais impactem literalmente o mundo inteiro com uma aplicação”.
Ciência em casa
Há alguns anos, o grupo desenvolveu um processo em duas etapas para transformar uma estrutura de cálcio, como o esqueleto de um ouriço-do-mar, em um semicondutor. O carbonato de cálcio no esqueleto então reage e se transforma em perovskita de chumbo, um material semicondutor que emite luz sob uma lâmpada UV.
Enquanto estava preso em casa durante a pandemia de COVID-19, Noorduin pensou em outras possíveis aplicações deste material. Ao mesmo tempo, ouviu falar dos consideráveis riscos para a saúde associados à exposição ao chumbo, especialmente para as crianças pequenas que podem sofrer danos cerebrais em consequência disso. Um simples teste para demonstrar a presença de chumbo poderia ajudar a reduzir essa exposição e talvez as propriedades emissoras de luz da perovskita de chumbo pudessem ajudar nisso.
Noorduin levou para casa uma solução que poderia formar uma perovskita se entrasse em contato com chumbo, e pulverizou-a em uma sarjeta. Isto imediatamente emitiu uma cor verde brilhante. Para sua surpresa, o mesmo aconteceu com a pintura da moldura da janela adjacente, que também iluminou. Ambas as superfícies continham uma forma de chumbo. A luz verde é luminescente e revela a formação do semicondutor perovskita de chumbo. "Isso funcionou com tanta facilidade que começamos a pensar em desenvolver um teste para detectar chumbo em uma ampla variedade de superfícies."
Apenas o chumbo acende
Helmbrecht aceitou o desafio e descobriu que uma solução de brometo de metil amônio funciona melhor. Assim que esta solução entra em contato com um composto de chumbo, ela forma imediatamente uma perovskita de chumbo, que fica verde brilhante sob a luz ultravioleta. Helmbrecht experimentou uma variedade de superfícies, desde tubos de chumbo e tintas até sais de chumbo, vidro e plásticos como PVC e fios elétricos. Todos acenderam em verde brilhante como prova da presença de chumbo. Se uma solução de iodeto ou cloreto for usada em vez de brometo, a luz emitida será vermelha ou azul, respectivamente.
Além disso, Helmbrecht testou mais de cinquenta materiais que não continham chumbo, mas continham elementos semelhantes, como estanho, alumínio e cobre. Nada disso acendeu. Isto indica que o teste é altamente quimiosseletivo. O teste revela concentrações de chumbo de um nanograma por mm2, enquanto a maioria dos testes atuais tem uma precisão de não mais do que alguns microgramas por mm2. O novo teste é, portanto, 1000 vezes mais sensível.
Curiosamente, não importa qual composto de chumbo o material contém chumbo metálico ou um dos sais de chumbo. Noorduin explica: "Parece que todos os compostos são convertidos na chamada valência 2+ do chumbo. Não estamos surpresos que a reação química funcione apenas com chumbo. Sabemos disso pelo trabalho em células solares de perovskita e LEDs. A reação limitada é uma desvantagem para células solares, mas para o nosso teste é uma vantagem porque torna o teste altamente seletivo. No entanto, ficamos surpresos com o fato de o teste funcionar para tantos materiais diferentes que contêm chumbo.
Exatamente como a reação química ocorre ainda está sendo investigado, diz Noorduin. "Achamos que é um processo de várias etapas em que o chumbo primeiro se dissolve um pouco, possivelmente sofre uma reação redox e depois forma um sal de chumbo, que é posteriormente convertido em perovskita. No entanto, a reação é tão rápida que não estamos ainda capaz de detectar os passos."
O conhecimento deste estudo, que, afinal, começou com pesquisas em semicondutores de perovskita, poderia, por sua vez, impulsionar o mesmo tipo de pesquisa no desenvolvimento de melhores células solares ou LEDs a partir de perovskita, por exemplo .
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)
Spray de detecção de chumbo em cabos. Crédito: AMOLF
Benefícios para a saúde em todo o mundo
Um desdobramento desta pesquisa é a empresa Lumetallix que Helmbrecht e Noorduin estão criando juntamente com Jeroen van den Bosch com a recente adição de Xander Terpstra (CCO). Com a AMOLF, eles detêm conjuntamente uma patente internacional sobre o processo e desenvolvimento de um kit de teste universal. Isto é acessível e fácil de usar para todos que desejam saber se o chumbo está presente no ambiente residencial. Os kits de teste podem ser encomendados através do site . Os investigadores também estão a trabalhar com ONG em todo o mundo para divulgar os kits entre a população local na Índia e na Costa do Marfim, por exemplo. Isto permitiria que as próprias pessoas tomassem medidas para a remoção do chumbo e, assim, preveniriam problemas de saúde.
“O fato de uma superfície contendo chumbo ficar verde brilhante após a pulverização tem muitas vantagens em comparação com o teste existente que mostra apenas uma mudança de cor”, explica Helmbrecht. "Em primeiro lugar, o teste existente não funciona para pessoas daltônicas. Em segundo lugar, nosso teste emite luz se for encontrado chumbo, o que significa que você também pode observar o resultado sem esforço em locais escuros, como porões. Em terceiro lugar, o fato de que algo acende é ao mesmo tempo mágico e alarmante. Esperamos, portanto, encontrar mais pessoas dispostas a fazer o teste para que possamos aumentar a conscientização sobre a presença de chumbo, também aqui na Holanda."
Mais informações: Lukas Helmbrecht et al, Detecção direta de chumbo ambiental por formação de perovskita fotoluminescente com sensibilidade de nanograma, Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06058
Informações da revista: Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental