Todas as coisas vivas, incluindo os humanos, devem criar novas células para substituir aquelas muito velhas e gastas para funcionar.
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hTfPzAxi06fhzMuB2jgeIGD9GLPm5ggOkwIYMKg00ac61DPE1pTz5i1LBvzxqGPyxwRg4by/edvsps9Nzz2m5grQhSfQK1NNRa80w4MNxVuoP8AuX915ViLiwLtr35gGPAHT6Y12BBpPiMJS7XmmV+Iot6aCdjSC/A+ItdZh0/EV7Io0lhCocfwjtps5oBGliyn+oeT41DMMRfZKx1gcrR1qTlQSDaIZlUTxwNzS4F5ruNuGDZVBv8Ar0Dt9lNnpnSQUvmF8ZhwOBl/WgVj6KuW2VLLaS0voK1AZFNcPzAnZZzJX/sGGWglRV2S4pXi5uKcUO4jQd0vB/uL78Byb8ReFKhiHkVeWAAi3cdBiUjPk+LjqgpXoPDPkn4V1cNh2TbBAPK1EyqmUNxgvNSrlwRjqlG3/UC8Zs6E8/fdvsps9MDowcS3fJXBRtNT6cVOn1gtf3AoIxXfy8QCBNOuUcYoLF03G7KvUQhgdlhvBom5MaJVd1cvmqBXMlBZ8T+dLnwiG3RcvwQPXNk3L6vBxWIoClTV1GKHCm+Y9Y44/wBQRiepdYpmoacMYSrTwQcI0nXES0jo5vHx952+ymz0wxKSNQYUB9XVgudp4n+W7FAxBj2t5dyzZ+fnxFhQISjib8BVC35g3BVbHDL3LUzSYu2L1CZu+ImaLwunzEA3PwA+YmVCDIsEj8EXAanD8RcTBQgzA85R6dQVZzkh00UyMCz0oxDSOkYAXImx2IQPmNGLNVbbj7rt9lNnqGaaIC5GNaCAmSzbGNR/eYDk5AbziAWKryxAZ8QvK5YliMByyCiRFmDacXDyaYKbBWbKQfnEfVDTH8R1S7BykDgfkP8AUzIcC6lsKxS89QbcmqNaA7ZSO2DW4ixtwzE3FBRXMpiQZIRoAdQiwydXdsbAW1XL912+ymz1CoafKGEAja6JqTWT4j0QsMWUWPE+EKORW24+EsihZOm/mVWA7MW2fLGMtxSsEdxph1Xi1Y/7Q6wDJlbLlDVRZXcJZsqKfzCoaWbVLKHpa0uEw1oBt8yqsNG9RGbSAYczxKxEzmm4Y0I6bg2NbGbK9EmIBWOUG06t/wBf5+87fZTZ6WvU9AV+8viDWCnr6IBwRxUsbGz/AISGxDOY/PULNjsTcq4TR5XZMgNVknmUYi/KF6h30P1eIk3yiOvmUKhVnDGkXd3slCW98Qrj0DggBJoXP57JRcVDiWhBYLErA7E5g4x1nh7jUCMxqtTJVpFaA3CizV4PMCe7AmaOYgBGuWJxlrO4WzHNFW89xnbVT5+87fZTZ6UOjVV0eYKVAocExgi6HEJm8Jk/LuDg4qptr9QIQWvpDzQP8qCOUV5bja06Cl8zKLbaY9qhCGaLqp/UyObJ/JDOeU1uXxMuttsQ3joM25PJGS8OzS9RqDa4F2obQLKcHiOnpBE2gVAhzDKjier5ZdSjBf0o+sWKwObg75k252QzlorrUK8l2zg9A7fZTZ6ZsXtIdHy8S7wpeAx/mGuNFSkJdDCsY/MOJZqItHU6sl4ZSRVFuLLl9BchnCrUKgFN9wuBEOAkp8UAeFVcQWF+nOHZ8QQRvxiW9tBZFlRWpgErlOXF8sbNrrTsZni2XYOAjNLbsiIY2MAH8/UMNZBq559E7fZTZ6W50AXojcXdtyOYPwy7aj6gcBC4zF+lx9GdgJihln5AlAly68VmBbvkiYlqfUz+kCGMPK8XwzOsjdon9wRqtWuVdQniQDiUFPMFCUyckKB3EFgSNJbCoE6KitmYZhY1+H6WekBbD6Z2+ymz0otSPvr9y4MWNq/HEMSerhjDYlVuBdTpiqFtYedTTJKGLUrwZ+X+5oMwijLLG7qtTXi+oOoKpQb/ANTmnI/ZLIFu6BdwsVG6NkgZFOzxzLyDbvbCGVZ4AcfqNr+BUmA2l/k6ZetxnJ6d2+ymz0a3ANld/BPCER/LMz2FFy6tsjEx26wDOCFCFyjsLm6hR8IiM42mokbku9LEu4WR+1wLXJoGYFVNaXgYeeAEP6YnBtDyefMwclQ4jnUpRuh1XRORrhmjl/csQf5D/cUo8GAYtPEUxfC4o5v9R2lKhcN83FGNSjbr0rt9lNno77G4dwFsVzAVr/FCVdBkY1ctubceZy0MlmDzQ5FQlOQbY0ES6q3rz/3Foos3PhHQlRX8VFXP34gspFa5h21VlntcEpY88j13NXua6dX3APtgeW/qixRa+fMCEL5OJivVtLn+piZAEqEEr/Celdvsps9IOsTQ7IZUIkggyslb8QIk/aoj5r1Hwy4ByWTNydRo0gGXyfiUfLaeYASFwtdu4cZKs/xHgCwnkcXDI77t8PmMscwq/lKvuNa0OuT5lU1d/Uk4NI5l7HYFflPHp3b7KbPTHITI7lAG0BNDGzKcXLfU2tPB3B4kYdOLxOYexEUaC1czNgLa8xAgyF4jipfeL/ycxxB+Jll56dO43DIHUcmq8Q9Y7fZTZ6cNV5Q0zC48rTCan6bqNrSDfq/MIsIIscBAxDBWznLg8Rp2aF1fxuFGKqBy7fmYf6Suw1XSQwdxSk4GFeDeaQnVCLYYc0MIa3jywSArq6ptHq3b7KbPVCWgtdEOJ3x/kiNlQHC6xB4qhbEcfLGU2yUA/CC4zQfy+YVSkWuWuIPtRwwG0PxHrE4mXgV47iOlrlX1bt9lNnqsHLLr+5QjNFJ1LLWAu6we5yEHpbWJgUUp3lbIpbwoGNlQEm9lwTNP70DrQNSJQso1h4b6mxhwGvjiWVE2Plj1Tt9lNnq6Puh5g5K7WO2JwuupA2MWxtvGPiJsSeFu/ED6M2afnuUT9+RXuXKnlz5mRQyzKVGJKJZTkGtXx6p2+ymz1jwtICBwitg/vqXBuh1eVPzFFBHpiwNZrl+IhANMv4I4F7wzL2TEQqiYgTH+SK5gi5ANfPww6l3Tb+kfHeHb6h2+ymz1fwQIwSkd1moYe03AOP3ALGou54RsB2x2uPzHoOyWnGvCWxc7ycsaXwjHzAwhnBV8/wDSH40qcndcGAV5rJETdLDNe3xKzjj1Dt9lNnqXFbKupUCKtpdK7IhKkSgoXcBdvj/iZEHZUP5UDsx0EM36+YUNTXEMJPmFbnE7vqf7QK3D7mMTO1fpi2AueJ2H7jNV76G3yd+odvsps9TaEmS+CCUUxw/EMN9CYAqrCRbkysU13K0FDCFslNnHXzDi0BOFOIoS+nQ5+lw8MxeunLDRCXCDmTiXo4ibK/L6h2+ymz1KFIVFVLj1cIy9QgHQG5fJxeniZxEbISQA8Mx7BkFdvmAMvKTRyevdvsps9R+oFEuB/UxQVQYbReoWUm2j+IfxsP8A9YlB6WVtjM8lwU+Htj03X68dvsps9OcNnL28Si/i6VOHu4wTLBEoXmibrP26EG26HlQCK9bLuvNx+nuHd8V5hr17t9lNnpwfHlehMDuWFfwxWvmujFZJNuen7h6OHWH0SCImRni5vB5iK0vy+wO32U2fT4M+DPgz4M+DPgz4M+DPgz4M+DPg/arpoCLRBSmQ8QUbI0BV8F9+yu32U2Tj7pr3F2+ymycfdNe4u32U2Tj7pr3F2+ymycfdNe4u30bKPQm5x9017i79H//Z)
Esta imagem multicolorida de cromatina foi criada usando hibridização fluorescente multiplexada in situ e microscopia de super-resolução. Crédito: Xiaowei Zhuang lab
Nos livros dida¡ticos do ensino manãdio, os cromossomos humanos são retratados como Xs insta¡veis, como dois cachorros-quentes juntos. Mas essas imagens estãolonge de ser precisas. "Por 90% do tempo", disse Jun-Han Su, "os cromossomos não existem assim."
No ano passado, antes de Su se formar com seu Ph.D., ele e três Ph.D. atuais. candidatos na Escola de Pa³s-Graduação em Artes e Ciências - Pu Zheng, Seon Kinrot e Bogdan Bintu - capturaram imagens 3-D de alta resolução de cromossomos humanos , as casas complexas de nosso DNA. Agora, essas imagens podem fornecer evidaªncias suficientes para transformar esses Xs em sambolos mais complexos, mas muito mais precisos, não apenas para ensinar a próxima geração de cientistas, mas ajudar a geração atual a desvendar mistanãrios sobre como funcionam as influaªncias da estrutura dos cromossomos.
Todas as coisas vivas, incluindo os humanos, devem criar novas células para substituir aquelas muito velhas e gastas para funcionar. Para fazer isso, as células se dividem e replicam seu DNA, que éembrulhado em bibliotecas labiranticas dentro da cromatina, o material dentro dos cromossomos . Estendido em uma linha reta, o DNA em uma única canãlula pode chegar a quase dois metros, e tudo isso se envolve em estruturas estreitas e complexas no núcleo da canãlula. Apenas um erro ao copiar ou rebobinar esse material genanãtico pode causar mutação ou mau funcionamento nos genes.
a‰ difacil aproximar o zoom o suficiente para ver a estrutura da cromatina. Mas olhar para a estrutura e a função éainda mais difacil. Agora, em um artigo publicado em agosto na Cell , Zhuang e sua equipe relatam um novo manãtodo para criar imagens da estrutura e do comportamento da cromatina juntos, conectando os pontos para determinar como um influencia o outro para manter a função adequada ou causar doena§as.
"a‰ muito importante determinar a organização 3-D", disse Zhuang, o David B. Arnold, Jr. Professor de Ciências, "para entender os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a organização e também entender como essa organização regula a função do genoma."
Com seu novo manãtodo de imagem 3-D de alta resolução, a equipe começou a construir um mapa cromossa´mico a partir de imagens de lente ampla de todos os 46 cromossomos e close-ups de uma seção de um cromossomo. Para obter a imagem de algo que ainda émuito pequeno, eles capturaram pontos conectados ("loci gena´micos") ao longo de cada cadeia de DNA. Ao conectar muitos pontos, eles podem formar uma imagem abrangente da estrutura da cromatina.
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Mas houve um obsta¡culo. Anteriormente, disse Zhuang, o número de pontos que eles podiam criar imagens e identificar era limitado pelo número de cores que eles podiam imaginar juntos: três. Traªs pontos não podem formar uma imagem abrangente.
Então, Zhuang e sua equipe criaram uma abordagem sequencial: imagine três locais diferentes, extinguir o sinal e, em seguida, imaginar outros três em rápida sucessão. Com essa técnica, cada ponto recebe duas marcas de identificação: cor e redondo da imagem.
"Agora, na verdade, temos 60 loci capturados e localizados simultaneamente e, mais importante, identificados", disse Zhuang.
Ainda assim, para cobrir todo o genoma, eles precisavam de mais - milhares - então eles se voltaram para uma linguagem que já éusada para organizar e armazenar grandes quantidades de informações: bina¡ria. Ao imprimir ca³digos de barras binários em diferentes loci da cromatina, eles podiam criar imagens de muito mais loci e decodificar suas identidades posteriormente. Por exemplo, uma molanãcula com imagem na primeira rodada, mas não na segunda rodada, obtanãm um ca³digo de barras comea§ando com "10". Com ca³digos de barras de 20 bits, a equipe conseguiu diferenciar 2.000 moléculas em apenas 20 rodadas de imagem. "Desta forma combinata³ria, podemos aumentar o número de moléculas que são fotografadas e identificadas muito mais rapidamente", disse Zhuang.
Com essa técnica, a equipe obteve imagens de cerca de 2.000 loci de cromatina por canãlula, um aumento de mais de dez vezes em relação ao trabalho anterior e o suficiente para formar uma imagem de alta resolução de como éa estrutura dos cromossomos em seu habitat nativo. Mas eles não pararam por aa: eles também imaginaram a atividade de transcrição (quando o RNA replica o material genanãtico do DNA) e estruturas nucleares como manchas nucleares e nuclanãolos.
Com o Google Maps 3D do genoma, eles poderiam comea§ar a analisar como a estrutura muda ao longo do tempo e como esses movimentos territoriais ajudam ou prejudicam a divisão e replicação celular.
Os pesquisadores já sabem que a cromatina édividida em diferentes áreas e domanios (como desertos versus cidades). Mas como esses terrenos se parecem em diferentes tipos de células e como funcionam ainda édesconhecido. Com suas imagens de alta resolução, Zhuang e a equipe determinaram que áreas com muitos genes ("ricas em genes") tendem a se aglomerar em áreas semelhantes em qualquer cromossomo. Mas áreas com poucos genes ("pobres em genes") são se juntam se compartilharem o mesmo cromossomo. Uma teoria éque as áreas ricas em genes, que são locais ativos para a transcrição de genes, se unem como uma fa¡brica para permitir uma produção mais eficiente.
Embora mais pesquisas sejam necessa¡rias antes de confirmar essa teoria, uma coisa agora écerta: o ambiente da cromatina local afeta a atividade de transcrição. A estrutura influencia a função. A equipe também descobriu que não hádois cromossomos iguais, mesmo em células que são idaªnticas. Descobrir a aparaªncia de cada cromossomo em cada canãlula do corpo humano exigira¡ muito mais trabalho do que um laboratório sozinho.
"Nãosera¡ possível construir apenas com base em nosso trabalho", disse Zhuang. "Precisamos desenvolver o trabalho de muitos laboratórios para ter um entendimento abrangente."