Cientistas esboa§am sistema estelar envelhecido usando mais de um século de observações
A estrela prima¡ria, uma supergigante amarela idosa, tem cerca de duas vezes a massa do Sol, mas cresceu 100 vezes o tamanho do Sol.
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)
A estrela prima¡ria de U Mon, uma supergigante amarela idosa, tem cerca de duas vezes a massa do Sol, mas cresceu até100 vezes o tamanho do Sol. Os cientistas sabem menos sobre a companheira, a estrela azul no fundo desta ilustração, mas acham que tem massa semelhante e muito mais jovem que a prima¡ria. Crédito: Crédito: Goddard Space Flight Center da NASA / Chris Smith (USRA / GESTAR)
Os astrônomos pintaram sua melhor imagem de uma varia¡vel RV Tauri, um tipo raro de bina¡rio estelar onde duas estrelas - uma se aproximando do fim de sua vida - orbitam dentro de um extenso disco de poeira. Seu conjunto de dados de 130 anos abrange a mais ampla gama de luz já coletada para um desses sistemas, de ra¡dio a raios-X.
"Existem apenas cerca de 300 varia¡veis ​​RV Tauri conhecidas na gala¡xia da Via La¡ctea", disse Laura Vega, uma recente recebedora de doutorado na Vanderbilt University em Nashville, Tennessee. "Concentramos nosso estudo no segundo mais brilhante, denominado U Monocerotis, que agora éo primeiro desses sistemas a partir do qual os raios X foram detectados."
Um artigo descrevendo as descobertas, liderado por Vega, foi publicado no The Astrophysical Journal .
O sistema, abreviado de U Mon, fica a cerca de 3.600 anos-luz de distância, na constelação de Monoceros. Suas duas estrelas giram em torno uma da outra a cada seis anos e meio em uma a³rbita com inclinação de cerca de 75 graus de nossa perspectiva.
A estrela prima¡ria, uma supergigante amarela idosa, tem cerca de duas vezes a massa do Sol, mas cresceu 100 vezes o tamanho do Sol. Um cabo de guerra entre pressão e temperatura em sua atmosfera faz com que ele se expanda e contraia regularmente, e essas pulsações criammudanças de brilho previsaveis com alterna¢ncia de profundas e superficiais quedas de luz - uma marca registrada dos sistemas RV Tauri. Os cientistas sabem menos sobre a estrela companheira, mas acham que tem massa semelhante e muito mais jovem que a principal.
O disco de resfriamento em torno de ambas as estrelas écomposto de gás e poeira ejetados pela estrela prima¡ria a medida que ela evolui. Usando observações de ra¡dio do Submillimeter Array em Maunakea, Havaa, a equipe de Vega estimou que o disco tem cerca de 51 bilhaµes de milhas (82 bilhaµes de quila´metros) de dia¢metro. O bina¡rio orbita dentro de uma lacuna central que os cientistas pensam ser compara¡vel a distância entre as duas estrelas em sua separação máxima, quando estãoa cerca de 540 milhões de milhas (870 milhões de quila´metros) uma da outra.
Quando as estrelas estãomais distantes umas das outras, elas estãoaproximadamente alinhadas com nossa linha de visão. O disco obscurece parcialmente o prima¡rio e cria outra flutuação previsível na luz do sistema. Vega e seus colegas acham que équando uma ou ambas as estrelas interagem com a borda interna do disco, sugando fluxos de gás e poeira. Eles sugerem que a estrela companheira canaliza o gás em seu pra³prio disco, que aquece e gera um fluxo de gás que emite raios-X. Este modelo poderia explicar os raios X detectados em 2016 pelo satanãlite XMM-Newton da Agência Espacial Europeia.
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"As observações XMM tornam U Mon a primeira varia¡vel RV Tauri detectada em raios-X", disse Kim Weaver, cientista do projeto XMM US e astrofasica do Goddard Space Flight Center da NASA em Greenbelt, Maryland. "a‰ empolgante ver medições de comprimentos de onda baseadas no solo e no espaço se reunirem para nos dar novos insights sobre um sistema hámuito estudado."
Em sua análise de U Mon, a equipe de Vega também incorporou 130 anos de observações de luz visível.
A primeira medição disponavel do sistema, coletada em 25 de dezembro de 1888, veio dos arquivos da Associação Americana de Observadores de Estrelas Varia¡veis ​​(AAVSO), uma rede internacional de astrônomos amadores e profissionais com sede em Cambridge, Massachusetts. AAVSO forneceu medições hista³ricas adicionais que va£o desde meados da década de 1940 atéo presente.
Os pesquisadores também usaram imagens arquivadas catalogadas pelo Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH), um programa do Harvard College Observatory em Cambridge dedicado a digitalização de imagens astrona´micas de placas fotogra¡ficas de vidro feitas por telesca³pios terrestres entre as décadas de 1880 e 1990 .
A luz de U Mon varia porque a estrela prima¡ria pulsa e porque o disco a obscurece parcialmente a cada 6,5 ​​anos ou mais. Os dados combinados de AAVSO e DASCH permitiram que Vega e seus colegas detectassem um ciclo ainda mais longo, em que o brilho do sistema aumenta e diminui a cada 60 anos. Eles acham que uma dobra ou aglomerado no disco, localizado tão longe do bina¡rio quanto Netuno estãodo Sol, causa essa variação extra durante sua a³rbita.
Vega completou sua análise do sistema U Mon como NASA Harriett G. Jenkins Predoctoral Fellow, um programa financiado pelo Projeto de Pesquisa e Educação da Universidade Minorita¡ria da NASA Office of STEM Engagement.
Em 12 de maio de 1948, astrônomos do Observatório Boyden em Bloemfontein,
áfrica do Sul, capturaram uma parte do canãu contendo U Monocerotis (a esquerda,
circulado) em uma placa fotogra¡fica de vidro. A entrada do dia¡rio de bordo (a direita)
para a observação diz: Gusty S wind. HA [Hour Angle] deve ser 2 02 W. Crédito: Harvard College Observatory, Photographic Glass Plate Collection.
Usado com permissão.
"Para sua tese de doutorado, Laura usou esse conjunto de dados hista³ricos para detectar uma característica que, de outra forma, apareceria apenas uma vez na carreira de um astra´nomo", disse o coautor Rodolfo Montez Jr., astrofisico do Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, também em Cambridge. "a‰ uma prova de como nosso conhecimento do universo se desenvolve ao longo do tempo."
O coautor Keivan Stassun, especialista em formação de estrelas e consultor de doutorado de Vega na Vanderbilt, observa que esse sistema evoluado tem muitos recursos e comportamentos em comum com binários recanãm-formados. Ambos estãoembutidos em discos de gás e poeira, puxam o material desses discos e produzem fluxos de gás. E em ambos os casos, os discos podem formar warps ou grumos. Em binários jovens, eles podem sinalizar o inicio da formação de planetas.
"Ainda temos daºvidas sobre o recurso no disco do U Mon , que podem ser respondidas por futuras observações de ra¡dio", disse Stassun. "Mas, fora isso, muitas das mesmas caracteristicas estãola¡. a‰ fascinante como esses dois esta¡gios binários de vida se espelham."