Gala¡xias ativas tem um buraco negro supermassivo em seu centro que estãoengolindo matéria. Durante essas fases ativas, os objetos frequentemente emitem radiaa§a£o extremamente forte de ra¡dio, infravermelho, ultravioleta e raios-X.
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)
Impressão artastica de uma gala¡xia com um núcleo ativo, um buraco negro supermassivo no centro. Quando o buraco negro engole matéria, dois jatos poderosos podem se formar nas bordas do buraco negro. Esses jatos formam 'nuvens de ra¡dio' gigantescas que podem ser detectadas por radiotelesca³pios. Crédito: ESA / C. Carreau
Todos os buracos negros supermassivos no centro das gala¡xias parecem ter períodos em que engolem matéria de seus arredores. Mas isso éatéonde va£o as semelhanças. Essa éa conclusão a que chegaram astrônomos brita¢nicos e holandeses em suas pesquisas com radiotelesca³pios ultrassensaveis em uma regia£o bem estudada do universo. Eles publicam suas descobertas em dois artigos na revista internacional Astronomy & Astrophysics .
Astra´nomos tem estudado gala¡xias ativas desde 1950. Gala¡xias ativas tem um buraco negro supermassivo em seu centro que estãoengolindo matéria. Durante essas fases ativas, os objetos frequentemente emitem radiação extremamente forte de ra¡dio, infravermelho, ultravioleta e raios-X.
Em duas novas publicações, uma equipe internacional de astrônomos focou em todas as gala¡xias ativas na bem estudada regia£o GOODS-Norte na constelação da Ursa Maior. Atéagora, essa regia£o tinha sido estudada principalmente por telesca³pios espaciais que coletavam luz visível, luz infravermelha e luz ultravioleta. As novas observações adicionam dados de redes sensaveis de radiotelesca³pios, incluindo a instalação nacional e-MERLIN do Reino Unido e a Rede Europeia VLBI (EVN).
Graças a este estudo sistema¡tico, três coisas ficaram claras. Em primeiro lugar, descobriu-se que os núcleos de muitos tipos diferentes de gala¡xias podem estar ativos de maneiras diferentes. Alguns são extremamente gananciosos, engolindo tanto material quanto podem; outros digerem a comida mais lentamente e outros estãoquase morrendo de fome.
Em segundo lugar, ocasionalmente, uma fase de acreção ocorre simultaneamente com uma fase de formação estelar e a s vezes não. Se a formação de estrelas estiver em andamento, a atividade no núcleo serádifacil de detectar.
Em terceiro lugar, o processo de acranãscimo nuclear pode ou não gerar jatos de ra¡dio - independentemente da velocidade com que o buraco negro engole sua comida.
De acordo com o investigador principal Jack Radcliffe (anteriormente University of Groningen and ASTRON na Holanda e University of Manchester no Reino Unido, agora University of Pretoria, áfrica do Sul), as observações também mostram que os radiotelesca³pios são extremamente aºteis para estudar os hábitos alimentares de buracos negros no universo distante. "Isso éuma boa notacia, porque os radiotelesca³pios SKA estãochegando e nos permitira£o olhar mais profundamente no universo com ainda mais detalhes."
O coautor Peter Barthel (Universidade de Groningen, Holanda) acrescenta: "Estamos recebendo cada vez mais indicações de que todas as gala¡xias tem buracos negros enormes em seus centros. Claro, eles devem ter crescido atésua massa atual. Parece que , graças a s nossas observações, agora temos esses processos de crescimento em vista e estamos lenta mas seguramente comea§ando a entendaª-los. "
O coautor Michael Garrett (Universidade de Manchester, Reino Unido) acrescenta: "Esses lindos resultados demonstram as capacidades únicas da radioastronomia. Telescópios como o VLA, e-MERLIN e o EVN estãotransformando nossa visão de como as gala¡xias evoluem no inicio universo."