Os naªutrons montam um quebra-cabea§a de 40 anos por trás do misterioso magnetismo do iodeto de ferro
Pesquisadores da Georgia Tech e da University of Tennessee osKnoxville descobriram um comportamento qua¢ntico oculto e inesperado em um material de iodeto de ferro bastante simples (FeI 2 ) que foi descoberto háquase um século.
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
O pesquisador Xiaojian Bai e seus colegas usaram naªutrons na Spallation Neutron Source do ORNL para descobrir flutuações qua¢nticas ocultas em um material de iodeto de ferro bastante simples descoberto em 1929. A pesquisa sugere que muitos materiais magnanãticos semelhantes podem ter propriedades qua¢nticas que estãoesperando para serem descobertas. Crédito: ORNL / Genevieve Martin
Materiais avana§ados com propriedades mais inovadoras quase sempre são desenvolvidos adicionando mais elementos a lista de ingredientes. Mas a pesquisa qua¢ntica sugere que alguns materiais mais simples podem já ter propriedades avana§adas que os cientistas simplesmente não podiam ver, atéagora.
Pesquisadores da Georgia Tech e da University of Tennessee osKnoxville descobriram um comportamento qua¢ntico oculto e inesperado em um material de iodeto de ferro bastante simples (FeI 2 ) que foi descoberto háquase um século. Os novos insights de pesquisa sobre o comportamento do material foram habilitados usando uma combinação de experimentos de espalhamento de naªutrons e ca¡lculos de física tea³rica no Laborata³rio Nacional Oak Ridge (ORNL) do Departamento de Energia (DOE).
As descobertas da equipe - publicadas na revista Nature Physics - resolvem um quebra-cabea§a de 40 anos sobre o comportamento misterioso do material e podem ser usadas como um mapa para desbloquear um tesouro de fena´menos qua¢nticos em outros materiais.
"Nossa descoberta foi motivada em grande parte pela curiosidade", disse Xiaojian Bai, o primeiro autor do artigo. Bai obteve seu Ph.D. na Georgia Tech e trabalha como pesquisador de pa³s-doutorado no ORNL, onde usa naªutrons para estudar materiais magnanãticos . "Eu descobri este material de iodeto de ferro em 2019 como parte do meu projeto de tese de doutorado. Eu estava tentando encontrar compostos com um arranjo de rede triangular magnanãtica que exibe o que échamado de 'magnetismo frustrado'."
Em ama£s comuns, como ama£s de geladeira, os elanãtrons do material são dispostos em uma linha como setas que apontam todas na mesma direção - para cima ou para baixo - ou alternam entre cima e para baixo. As direções que os elanãtrons apontam são chamadas de 'spins'. Mas em materiais mais complexos como o iodeto de ferro, os elanãtrons são organizados em uma grade triangular, em que as forças magnanãticas entre os três momentos magnanãticos são conflitantes e não tem certeza de qual direção apontar - portanto, 'magnetismo frustrado'.
"Enquanto eu lia toda a literatura, notei esse composto, o iodeto de ferro, que foi descoberto em 1929 e foi estudado intensamente nas décadas de 1970 e 80", disse Bai. "Na anãpoca, eles viram algumas peculiaridades ou modos de comportamento não convencionais, mas não tinham realmente os recursos para entender completamente por que estavam vendo isso. Então, sabaamos que havia algo não resolvido que era estranho e interessante, e comparamos háquarenta anos, temos ferramentas experimentais muito mais poderosas disponaveis, então decidimos revisitar este problema e esperamos fornecer alguns novos insights. "
Â
Os materiais qua¢nticos são frequentemente descritos como sistemas que exibem comportamento exa³tico e desobedecem a s leis cla¡ssicas da física - como um material sãolido que se comporta como um laquido, compartículas que se movem como águae se recusam a congelar ou parar seu movimento mesmo em temperaturas de congelamento. Compreender como esses fena´menos exa³ticos funcionam, ou seus mecanismos subjacentes, éa chave para o avanço da eletra´nica e o desenvolvimento de outras tecnologias de próxima geração.
"Em materiais qua¢nticos, duas coisas são de grande interesse: fases da matéria, como laquidos, sãolidos e gases, e excitações dessas fases, como ondas sonoras. Da mesma forma, as ondas de spin são excitações de um material sãolido magnanãtico", disse Martin Mourigal, professor de física na Georgia Tech. “Por muito tempo, nossa busca em materiais qua¢nticos tem sido encontrar fases exa³ticas, mas a pergunta que nos perguntamos nesta pesquisa é'Talvez a fase em si não seja aparentemente exa³tica, mas e se suas excitações forem?' E de fato foi isso que encontramos. "
Os naªutrons são sondas ideais para estudar o magnetismo porque eles pra³prios agem como ama£s microsca³picos e podem ser usados ​​para interagir e excitar outraspartículas magnanãticas sem comprometer a estrutura atômica de um material.
Bai conheceu naªutrons quando era um estudante de pós-graduação de Mourigal na Georgia Tech. Mourigal tem sido um usua¡rio frequente de espalhamento de naªutrons no High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) e Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) por vários anos, usando as instalações de usua¡rio do DOE Office of Science para estudar uma ampla gama de materiais qua¢nticos e seus vários e bizarros comportamentos .
Quando Bai e Mourigal expuseram o material de iodeto de ferro a um feixe de naªutrons, eles esperavam ver uma excitação particular ou banda de energia associada a um momento magnético de um aºnico elanãtron; mas, em vez disso, eles viram não uma, mas duas flutuações qua¢nticas diferentes emanando simultaneamente.
"Os naªutrons nos permitiram ver essa flutuação oculta muito claramente e pudemos medir todo o espectro de excitação, mas ainda não entendaamos por que esta¡vamos vendo um comportamento tão anormal em uma fase aparentemente cla¡ssica", disse Bai.
Para obter respostas, eles se voltaram para o fasico tea³rico Cristian Batista, Lincoln Chair Professor da University of Tennessee osKnoxville, e vice-diretor do Shull Wollan Center do ORNL - um instituto conjunto para ciências de naªutrons que fornece aos pesquisadores visitantes recursos e especialidades adicionais de espalhamento de naªutrons.
Uma pequena amostra de iodeto de ferro mantida por Bai (acima) émontada e
preparada para experimentos de espalhamento de naªutrons que foram usados
​​para medir as excitações magnanãticas fundamentais do material.
Crédito: ORNL / Genevieve Martin
Com a ajuda de Batista e seu grupo, a equipe foi capaz de modelar matematicamente o comportamento da misteriosa flutuação qua¢ntica e, após realizar experimentos de naªutrons adicionais usando os instrumentos CORELLI e SEQUOIA no SNS, eles foram capazes de identificar o mecanismo que estava causando isso aparecer.
"O que a teoria previu e o que pudemos confirmar com os naªutrons, éque essa flutuação exa³tica acontece quando a direção do spin entre dois elanãtrons éinvertida e seus momentos magnanãticos se inclinam em direções opostas", disse Batista. "Quando os naªutrons interagem com os spins dos elanãtrons, os spins giram em sincronicidade ao longo de uma certa direção no Espaço. Esta coreografia desencadeada pelo espalhamento de naªutrons cria uma onda de spin."
Ele explicou que, em diferentes materiais, os spins eletra´nicos podem assumir muitas orientações e coreografias de spin que criam diferentes tipos de ondas de spin . Na meca¢nica qua¢ntica, esse conceito éconhecido como "dualidade onda-partacula", em que as novas ondas são consideradas novaspartículas e normalmente ficam ocultas para o espalhamento de naªutrons em condições normais.
“Em certo sentido, estamos procurando porpartículas escurasâ€, acrescentou Batista. "Nãopodemos vaª-los, mas sabemos que eles estãola¡ porque podemos ver seus efeitos, ou as interações que eles estãotendo com aspartículas que podemos ver."
"Na meca¢nica qua¢ntica, não hádistinção entre ondas e partículas Entendemos o comportamento da partacula com base no comprimento de onda e éisso que os naªutrons nos permitem medir", disse Bai.
Mourigal comparou a forma como os naªutrons detectampartículas a ondas quebrando em torno das rochas nasuperfÍcie do oceano.
"Em a¡guas paradas, não podemos ver as rochas no fundo do oceano atéque uma onda se mova sobre elas", disse Mourigal. “Foi apenas criando o maior número de ondas possível com naªutrons que, por meio da teoria de Cristian, Xiaojian conseguiu identificar as rochas, ou no caso, as interações que tornam visível a flutuação oculta.
O controle do comportamento magnético qua¢ntico já levou a avanços tecnola³gicos, como a ma¡quina de ressonância magnanãtica e o armazenamento em disco ragido magnético que catalisou a computação pessoal. Materiais qua¢nticos mais exa³ticos podem acelerar a próxima onda tecnologiica.
Além de Bai, Mourigal e Batista, os autores do artigo incluem Shang-Shun Zhang, Zhiling Dun, Hao Zhang, Qing Huang, Haidong Zhou, Matthew Stone, Alexander Kolesnikov e Feng Ye.
Desde sua descoberta, a equipe tem usado esses insights para desenvolver e testar previsaµes em um conjunto mais amplo de materiais que eles esperam produzir resultados mais promissores.
"Amedida que introduzimos mais ingredientes em um material, também aumentamos os problemas potenciais, como desordem e heterogeneidades. Se realmente queremos entender e criar sistemas meca¢nicos qua¢nticos limpos baseados em materiais, voltar a esses sistemas simples pode ser mais importante do que pensa¡vamos ", disse Mourigal.
"Isso resolve o quebra-cabea§a de 40 anos da excitação misteriosa do iodeto de ferro", disse Bai. "Temos a vantagem hoje nos avanços de instalações de naªutrons em grande escala como o SNS, que nos permitem basicamente sondar todo o espaço de energia e momento de um material para ver o que estãoacontecendo com essas excitações exa³ticas.
"Agora que entendemos como esse comportamento exa³tico funciona em um material relativamente simples, podemos imaginar o que poderaamos encontrar em outros mais complicados. Essa nova compreensão nos motivou e esperamos que motive a comunidade cientafica a investigar mais esses tipos de materiais. o que certamente levara¡ a uma física mais interessante. "