Astra´nomos usando o telesca³pio espacial Hubble da NASA trazram a localizaa§a£o de cinco breves e potentes explosaµes de ra¡dio nos braa§os espirais de cinco gala¡xias distantes.
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Astra´nomos usando o Telescópio Espacial Hubble rastrearam duas breves e poderosas rajadas de ra¡dio nos braa§os espirais das duas gala¡xias mostradas acima. As duas imagens a esquerda mostram os instanta¢neos completos do Hubble de cada gala¡xia. As duas imagens aprimoradas digitalmente a direita revelam a estrutura espiral de cada gala¡xia com mais detalhes. Os nomes de cata¡logo das rajadas são FRB 190714 (linha superior) e FRB 180924 (linha inferior). As gala¡xias estãolonge da Terra, aparecendo como eram bilhaµes de anos atrás. As linhas ovais pontilhadas em cada uma das quatro imagens marcam a localização das luzes brilhantes de ra¡dio. Crédito: CIaŠNCIA: NASA, ESA, Alexandra Mannings (UC Santa Cruz), Wen-fai Fong (Noroeste) PROCESSAMENTO DE IMAGEM: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)
Astra´nomos usando o telesca³pio espacial Hubble da NASA trazram a localização de cinco breves e potentes explosaµes de ra¡dio nos braa§os espirais de cinco gala¡xias distantes.
Chamados de rajadas rápidas de ra¡dio (FRBs), esses eventos extraordina¡rios geram tanta energia em um milanãsimo de segundo quanto o sol em um ano. Como esses pulsos de ra¡dio transita³rios desaparecem em muito menos do que um piscar de olhos, os pesquisadores tem dificuldade em rastrear de onde eles vão, muito menos em determinar que tipo de objeto ou objetos os estãocausando. Portanto, na maioria das vezes, os astrônomos não sabem exatamente para onde olhar.
Localizar de onde vão essas explosaµes e, em particular, de quais gala¡xias elas se originam, éimportante para determinar que tipos de eventos astrona´micos desencadeiam esses flashes intensos de energia. A nova pesquisa do Hubble de oito FRBs ajuda os pesquisadores a restringir a lista de possaveis fontes de FRB.
Luz na noite
O primeiro FRB foi descoberto em dados arquivados registrados pelo observata³rio de ra¡dio Parkes em 24 de julho de 2001. Desde então, os astrônomos descobriram até1.000 FRBs, mas eles são foram capazes de associar cerca de 15 deles a gala¡xias especaficas.
"Nossos resultados são novos e empolgantes. Esta éa primeira visão de alta resolução de uma população de FRBs, e o Hubble revela que cinco deles estãolocalizados perto ou nos braa§os espirais de uma gala¡xia", disse Alexandra Mannings da Universidade da Califa³rnia, Santa Cruz, o principal autor do estudo. "A maioria das gala¡xias são massivas, relativamente jovens e ainda estãoformando estrelas . A imagem nos permite ter uma ideia melhor das propriedades gerais da gala¡xia hospedeira, como sua massa e taxa de formação de estrelas, bem como sondar o que estãoacontecendo certo na posição FRB porque o Hubble tem uma resolução excelente. "
Procurando pelos bairros de rajadas de ra¡dio rápidas enigma¡ticas (FRBs), astrônomos
usando o Telescópio Espacial Hubble rastrearam quatro deles atéos braa§os espirais
das quatro gala¡xias distantes mostradas na imagem. Os bursts são catalogados como
FRB 190714 (canto superior esquerdo), FRB 191001 (canto superior direito), FRB
180924 (canto inferior esquerdo) e FRB 190608 (canto inferior direito). Como esses
pulsos de ra¡dio desaparecem em muito menos do que um piscar de olhos, os
pesquisadores tem dificuldade em rastrear de onde eles vão. Com a ajuda da visão
natida do Hubble, os astrônomos identificaram suas localizações (indicadas pelas
linhas ovais pontilhadas) nos braa§os espirais das gala¡xias. Crédito: CIaŠNCIA:
NASA, ESA, Alexandra Mannings (UC Santa Cruz), Wen-fai Fong (Noroeste)
PROCESSAMENTO DE IMAGEM: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)
No estudo do Hubble, os astrônomos não apenas identificaram todos eles como gala¡xias hospedeiras, mas também identificaram os tipos de locais de onde se originaram. O Hubble observou um dos locais FRB em 2017 e os outros sete em 2019 e 2020.
"Nãosabemos o que causa os FRBs, então émuito importante usar o contexto quando o temos", disse o membro da equipe Wen-fai Fong, da Northwestern University em Evanston, Illinois. "Esta técnica funcionou muito bem para identificar os progenitores de outros tipos de transientes, como supernovas e explosaµes de raios gama. O Hubble também desempenhou um grande papel nesses estudos."
As gala¡xias no estudo do Hubble existiram bilhaµes de anos atrás. Os astra´nomos, portanto, estãovendo as gala¡xias como elas apareciam quando o universo tinha cerca de metade de sua idade atual.
Muitos deles são tão massivos quanto nossa Via La¡ctea. As observações foram feitas em luz ultravioleta e infravermelha próxima com a Wide Field Camera 3 do Hubble.
A luz ultravioleta traz o brilho de estrelas jovens estendidas ao longo dos braa§os sinuosos de uma gala¡xia espiral. Os pesquisadores usaram as imagens do infravermelho pra³ximo para calcular a massa das gala¡xias e descobrir onde residem as populações de estrelas mais antigas.
Localização, localização, localização
As imagens mostram uma diversidade de estruturas de braa§os espirais, desde bem enroladas a mais difusas, revelando como as estrelas estãodistribuadas ao longo dessas feições proeminentes. Os braa§os espirais de uma gala¡xia trazm a distribuição de estrelas jovens e massivas. No entanto, as imagens do Hubble revelam que os FRBs encontrados perto dos braa§os espirais não vão das regiaµes mais brilhantes, que brilham com a luz de estrelas pesadas. As imagens ajudam a sustentar a ideia de que os FRBs provavelmente não se originam das estrelas mais jovens e massivas.
Essas pistas ajudaram os pesquisadores a descartar alguns dos possaveis gatilhos dos tipos dessas chamas brilhantes, incluindo as mortes explosivas das estrelas mais jovens e massivas , que geram explosaµes de raios gama e alguns tipos de supernovas. Outra fonte improva¡vel éa fusão de estrelas de naªutrons, os núcleos esmagados de estrelas que terminam suas vidas em explosaµes de supernova. Essas fusaµes levam bilhaµes de anos para ocorrer e geralmente são encontradas longe dos braa§os espirais de gala¡xias mais antigas que não estãomais formando estrelas.
Monstros magnanãticos
Os resultados do Hubble da equipe, no entanto, são consistentes com o modelo principal de que os FRBs se originam de novas explosaµes de magnetar. Os magnetares são um tipo de estrela de naªutrons com campos magnanãticos poderosos. Eles são chamados de ama£s mais fortes do universo, possuindo um campo magnético que é10 trilhaµes de vezes mais poderoso do que um ama£ de porta de geladeira. Astra´nomos no ano passado relacionaram as observações de um FRB localizado na nossa gala¡xia, a Via La¡ctea, com uma regia£o onde reside um magnetar conhecido.
"Devido aos seus fortes campos magnanãticos, os magnetares são bastante imprevisaveis", explicou Fong. "Neste caso, acredita-se que os FRBs venham de erupções de um jovem magnetar. Estrelas massivas passam pela evolução estelar e se tornam estrelas de naªutrons, algumas das quais podem ser fortemente magnetizadas, levando a erupções e processos magnanãticos em suassuperfÍcies, que podem emitir luz de ra¡dio. Nosso estudo se encaixa com essa imagem e descarta progenitores muito jovens ou muito velhos para FRBs. "
As observações também ajudaram os pesquisadores a fortalecer a associação de FRBs com gala¡xias massivas em formação de estrelas. Observações anteriores baseadas em solo de algumas possaveis gala¡xias hospedeiras FRB não detectaram tão claramente a estrutura subjacente, como braa§os espirais , em muitas delas. Os astra´nomos, portanto, não puderam descartar a possibilidade de que os FRBs se originem de uma gala¡xia anãescondida sob uma gala¡xia massiva. No novo estudo do Hubble, o processamento cuidadoso das imagens e a análise das imagens permitiram aos pesquisadores descartar gala¡xias ana£s subjacentes , de acordo com o coautor Sunil Simha, da Universidade da Califa³rnia, em Santa Cruz.
Embora os resultados do Hubble sejam empolgantes, os pesquisadores dizem que precisam de mais observações para desenvolver uma imagem mais definitiva desses flashes enigma¡ticos e identificar melhor sua origem. "Este éum campo tão novo e excitante", disse Fong. "Encontrar esses eventos localizados éuma pea§a importante do quebra-cabea§a, e uma pea§a única em comparação com o que foi feito antes. Esta éuma contribuição única do Hubble."
Os resultados da equipe aparecera£o na próxima edição do The Astrophysical Journal.