Pesquisadores desenvolvem modelo avana§ado para melhorar a segurança dos reatores de próxima geração
Quando um dos maiores terremotos modernos atingiu o Japa£o em 11 de mara§o de 2011, os reatores nucleares de Fukushima-Daiichi desligaram automaticamente, conforme planejado.
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)
Os reatores de leito de seixo usam circulação natural passiva para resfriar, tornando teoricamente impossível que ocorra um derretimento do núcleo. Crédito: Dr. Jean Ragusa e Dr. Mauricio Eduardo Tano Retamales / Texas A&M University Engineering
Quando um dos maiores terremotos modernos atingiu o Japa£o em 11 de mara§o de 2011, os reatores nucleares de Fukushima-Daiichi desligaram automaticamente, conforme planejado. Os sistemas de emergaªncia, que teriam ajudado a manter o resfriamento necessa¡rio do núcleo, foram destruados pelo tsunami subsequente. Como o reator não conseguia mais se resfriar, o núcleo superaqueceu, resultando em um grave derretimento nuclear, como o que não era visto desde o desastre de Chernobyl em 1986.
Desde então, os reatores melhoraram exponencialmente em termos de segurança, sustentabilidade e eficiência. Ao contra¡rio dos reatores de águaleve em Fukushima, que tinham refrigerante laquido e combustavel de ura¢nio , a geração atual de reatores tem uma variedade de opções de refrigerante, incluindo misturas de sal fundido, águasupercratica e atégases como o hanãlio.
O Dr. Jean Ragusa e o Dr. Mauricio Eduardo Tano Retamales do Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear da Texas A&M University tem estudado um novo reator de quarta geração , reatores de leito de seixo . Os reatores de leito de seixos usam elementos de combustavel esfanãricos (conhecidos como seixos) e um laquido refrigerante (geralmente um gás).
"Existem cerca de 40.000 seixos de combustavel em tal reator", disse Ragusa. "Pense no reator como um balde realmente grande com 40.000 bolas de taªnis dentro."
Durante um acidente, conforme o gás no núcleo do reator comea§a a aquecer, o ar frio de baixo comea§a a subir, um processo conhecido como resfriamento por convecção natural. Além disso, os seixos do combustavel são feitos de carbono pirolatico epartículas isotra³picas tristrestruturais, tornando-os resistentes a temperaturas de até3.000 graus Fahrenheit. Como um reator de temperatura muito alta (VHTR), os reatores de leito de seixos podem ser resfriados por circulação natural passiva, tornando teoricamente impossível que um acidente como o de Fukushima ocorra.
No entanto, durante a operação normal, um fluxo de alta velocidade resfria as pedras. Esse fluxo cria movimento ao redor e entre as pedras de combustavel, semelhante a forma como uma rajada de vento altera a trajeta³ria de uma bola de taªnis. Como vocêexplica o atrito entre as pedras e a influaªncia desse atrito no processo de resfriamento?
Esta éa pergunta que Ragusa e Tano pretendiam responder em sua publicação mais recente na revista Nuclear Technology intitulada "Estudo do manãtodo de elemento discreto-dina¢mica de fluidos computacional acoplada de fluxos de desvio em um reator de leito de seixos".
"Resolvemos a localização dessas 'bolas de taªnis' usando o Manãtodo dos Elementos Discretos, onde contabilizamos o movimento induzido pelo fluxo e o atrito entre todas as bolas de taªnis", disse Tano. "O modelo acoplado éentão testado em relação a s medições tanãrmicas no experimento SANA."
O experimento SANA foi conduzido no inicio dos anos 1990 e mediu como os mecanismos em um reator se intercambiam ao transmitir calor do centro do cilindro para a parte externa. Este experimento permitiu que Tano e Ragusa tivessem um padrãopara validar seus modelos.
Como resultado, suas equipes desenvolveram um modelo acoplado de Dina¢mica de Fluidos Computacional-Manãtodos de Elementos Discretos para estudar o fluxo sobre um leito de seixos. Esse modelo agora pode ser aplicado a todos os reatores de leito de seixos de alta temperatura e éo primeiro modelo computacional desse tipo a fazer isso. Sa£o ferramentas de altassima precisão como essa que permitem aos fornecedores desenvolver reatores melhores.
"Os modelos computacionais que criamos nos ajudam a avaliar com mais precisão diferentes fena´menos fasicos no reator", disse Tano. "Como resultado, os reatores podem operar com uma margem maior, teoricamente produzindo mais energia e aumentando a segurança do reator. Fazemos a mesma coisa com nossos modelos de reatores de sal fundido para o Departamento de Energia."
Amedida que a inteligaªncia artificial continua a avana§ar, suas aplicações para modelagem e simulação computacional aumentam. "Estamos em um momento muito emocionante para o campo", disse Ragusa. "E encorajamos todos os alunos em potencial interessados ​​em modelagem computacional a entrar em contato, porque esse campo provavelmente ainda existira¡ por um longo tempo."