Cientistas espaciais resolvem um quebra-cabea§a de explosão de raios gama com décadas de duração
Os buracos negros são formados quando estrelas massivas (pelo menos 40 vezes maiores que o nosso Sol) morrem em uma explosão catastra³fica que alimenta uma onda de choque.
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)
Impressão de uma saada de GRB mostrando a fase imediata (flash de raios gama), choque reverso e choque direto. Crédito: Nuria Jordana-Mitjans
Uma equipe internacional de cientistas, liderada por astrofisicos da Universidade de Bath, no Reino Unido, mediu o campo magnético em uma distante explosão de raios gama, confirmando pela primeira vez uma previsão tea³rica de décadas - que o campo magnético em essas ondas de explosão tornam-se embaralhadas após o material ejetado colidir e chocar com o meio circundante.
Os buracos negros são formados quando estrelas massivas (pelo menos 40 vezes maiores que o nosso Sol) morrem em uma explosão catastra³fica que alimenta uma onda de choque. Esses eventos extremamente energanãticos expulsam o material a velocidades próximas a velocidade da luz e fornecem flashes brilhantes de raios gama de curta duração que podem ser detectados por satanãlites orbitando a Terra - daa seu nome, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).
Os campos magnanãticos podem ser enfiados atravanãs do material ejetado e, conforme o buraco negro girata³rio se forma, esses campos magnanãticos se torcem em formas de saca-rolhas que parecem focalizar e acelerar o material ejetado.
Os campos magnanãticos não podem ser vistos diretamente, mas sua assinatura écodificada na luz produzida porpartículas carregadas (elanãtrons) que zunem em torno das linhas do campo magnético . Os telesca³pios ligados a Terra captam essa luz, que viajou por milhões de anos pelo Universo.
Chefe de Astrofísica em Bath e especialista em raios gama, Professora Carole Mundell, disse: "Medimos uma propriedade especial da luz - polarização - para sondar diretamente as propriedades físicas do campo magnético que alimenta a explosão. Este éum a³timo resultado e resolve um quebra-cabea§a de longa data dessas explosaµes ca³smicas extremas - um quebra-cabea§a que venho estudando hámuito tempo. "
Capturando a luz cedo
O desafio écapturar a luz o mais rápido possível após uma explosão e decodificar a física da explosão, prevendo-se que quaisquer campos magnanãticos primordiais sera£o destruados quando a frente de choque em expansão colidir com os detritos estelares circundantes.
Este modelo prevaª luz com altos naveis de polarização (> 10%) logo após a explosão, quando o campo primordial de grande escala ainda estãointacto e conduzindo o fluxo de saada. Mais tarde, a luz deve ser quase totalmente não polarizada, pois o campo éembaralhado na colisão.
A equipe de Mundell foi a primeira a descobrir a luz altamente polarizada minutos após a explosão que confirmou a presença de campos primordiais com estrutura em grande escala. Mas o cena¡rio para a expansão dos choques para a frente se mostrou mais controverso.
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As equipes que observaram GRBs em um tempo mais lento - horas a um dia após uma explosão - encontraram baixa polarização e concluaram que os campos já haviam sido destruados, mas não sabiam dizer quando ou como. Em contraste, uma equipe de astrônomos japoneses anunciou uma detecção intrigante de 10% de luz polarizada em um GRB, que eles interpretaram como um choque polarizado com campos magnanãticos ordenados de longa duração.
Autor principal do novo estudo, Bath Ph.D. a estudante Nuria Jordana-Mitjans, disse: "Essas raras observações eram difaceis de comparar, pois sondavam escalas de tempo e físicas muito diferentes. Nãohavia maneira de reconcilia¡-las no modelo padra£o."
O mistério permaneceu sem solução por mais de uma década, atéa análise da equipe de Bath do GRB 141220A.
No novo artigo, publicado hoje nos Avisos Mensais da Royal Astronomical Society , a equipe do Professor Mundell relata a descoberta de polarização muito baixa na luz de choque frontal detectada apenas 90 segundos após a explosão do GRB 141220A. As observações super rápidas foram possaveis graças ao software inteligente da equipe no telesca³pio roba³tico Liverpool totalmente auta´nomo e ao novo polarametro RINGO3 - o instrumento que registrou a cor, brilho, polarização e taxa de desbotamento do GRB. Juntando esses dados, a equipe conseguiu provar que:
A luz originou-se no choque dianteiro.
As escalas de comprimento do campo magnético eram muito menores do que a equipe japonesa deduziu.
A explosão provavelmente foi impulsionada pelo colapso de campos magnanãticos ordenados nos primeiros momentos da formação de um novo buraco negro.
A misteriosa detecção de polarização pela equipe japonesa pode ser explicada por uma contribuição da luz polarizada do campo magnético primordial antes de ser destruado no choque.
A Sra. Jordana-Mitjans disse: "Este novo estudo baseia-se em nossa pesquisa que mostrou que os GRBs mais poderosos podem ser alimentados por campos magnanãticos ordenados em grande escala, mas apenas os telesca³pios mais rápidos tera£o um vislumbre de seu sinal de polarização caracterastico antes de serem perdidos para a explosão. "
O professor Mundell acrescentou: "Agora precisamos expandir as fronteiras da tecnologia para sondar os primeiros momentos dessas explosaµes, capturar números estatisticamente significativos de explosaµes para estudos de polarização e colocar nossa pesquisa em um contexto mais amplo de acompanhamento em tempo real de multimensageiros do universo extremo. "