O estudo mostrou que o besouro tem pequenos micropilares dentro da carapaa§a - ou na parte superior do exoesqueleto - que da£o ao inseto força e flexibilidade para resistir aos danos de maneira muito eficaz.
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Domanio paºblico
As propriedades meca¢nicas e a³pticas exclusivas encontradas no exoesqueleto de um humilde besouro asia¡tico tem o potencial de oferecer uma nova e fascinante visão sobre como desenvolver novas e eficazes tecnologias bioinspiradas.
O pioneirismo em novas pesquisas por uma equipe de cientistas internacionais, incluindo o professor Pete Vukusic da Universidade de Exeter, revelou uma propriedade distinta e atéentão desconhecida dentro da carapaa§a do besouro da flor - um membro da familia do besouro escaravelho.
O estudo mostrou que o besouro tem pequenos micropilares dentro da carapaa§a - ou na parte superior do exoesqueleto - que da£o ao inseto força e flexibilidade para resistir aos danos de maneira muito eficaz.
Crucialmente, esses micropilares são incorporados em camadas altamente regulares no exoesqueleto que, ao mesmo tempo, da£o ao besouro uma aparaªncia de cor meta¡lica intensamente brilhante.
Para este novo estudo, os cientistas usaram técnicas de modelagem sofisticadas para determinar qual das duas funções - resistência meca¢nica muito alta ou cor visivelmente brilhante - era mais importante para a sobrevivaªncia do besouro.
Eles descobriram que, embora esses micropilares criem uma resistência altamente aprimorada da casca do besouro, eles eram mais benéficos para otimizar a dispersão da luz colorida que gera sua aparaªncia nota¡vel.
A pesquisa foi publicada esta semana no principal jornal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , PNAS .
O professor Vukusic, um dos três lideres da pesquisa, juntamente com o professor Li na Virginia Tech e o professor Kolle no MIT, disse: "As percepções surpreendentes geradas por esta pesquisa são foram possaveis por meio de um trabalho colaborativo pra³ximo entre Virginia Tech, MIT, Harvard e Exeter , em laboratórios que abrem caminho nas áreas de materiais, meca¢nica e a³ptica. Nosso empreendimento de acompanhamento para fazer uso desses princapios bioinspirados seráuma jornada ainda mais emocionante. ".
As sementes da pesquisa pioneira foram plantadas hámais de 16 anos, como parte de um pequeno projeto criado pelo professor Vukusic nos laboratórios de Fasica da graduação de Exeter. Esses primeiros testes e medidas, feitos por entusiastas estudantes de graduação, revelaram a possibilidade de uma multifuncionalidade intrigante.
Os alunos originais examinaram a forma e a estrutura da carapaa§a dos besouros para tentar entender a origem simples de sua cor. Eles notaram pela primeira vez, no entanto, a presença de micropilares indutores de força.
O Professor Vukusic finalmente levou essas descobertas iniciais aos colaboradores Professor Ling Li da Virginia Tech e ao Professor Mathias Kolle de Harvard e depois ao MIT, que se especializaram em ciências de materiais e a³ptica aplicada. Usando técnicas de medição e modelagem muito mais sofisticadas, a equipe de pesquisa combinada também confirmou o papel aºnico desempenhado pelos micropilares em aumentar a força e a tenacidade dos besouros sem comprometer sua intensa cor meta¡lica.
Os resultados do estudo também podem ajudar a inspirar uma nova geração de materiais bioinspirados, bem como a pesquisa evolutiva mais tradicional.
Ao compreender qual das funções fornece o maior benefacio para esses besouros , os cientistas podem desenvolver novas técnicas para replicar e reproduzir a estrutura do exoesqueleto, garantindo que tenha uma aparaªncia de cor brilhante com força e tenacidade altamente eficazes.
O professor Vukusic acrescentou: "Sistemas naturais como esses nunca deixam de impressionar com a maneira como atuam, seja a³tica, meca¢nica ou em outra área de função. A maneira como suas propriedades a³pticas ou meca¢nicas parecem altamente tolerantes a todos os tipos de imperfeições também continua a nos oferecer lições sobre os caminhos cientaficos e tecnola³gicos que devemos explorar. Ha¡ uma ciência empolgante a nossa frente nesta jornada. "
"Cor resistente: projeto microestrutural para multifuncionalidade a³ptico-meca¢nica no exoesqueleto do besouro das flores Torynorrhina flammea" épublicado no PNAS .