Cuidado com a lacuna: os cientistas usam massa estelar para ligar exoplanetas a discos formadores de planetas
O novo estudo éo primeiro a mostrar que o número de discos com lacunas nessas regiaµes corresponde ao número de exoplanetas gigantes em um sistema estelar.
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)
Os discos protoplanetarios são classificados em três categorias principais: transição, anel ou estendido. Essas imagens em cores falsas do Atacama Large Millimeter / submillimeter Array (ALMA) mostram essas classificações em contraste absoluto. Aesquerda: o disco em anel de RU Lup écaracterizado por fendas estreitas que se acredita serem esculpidas por planetas gigantes com massas variando entre uma massa de Netuno e uma massa de Jaºpiter. Meio: o disco de transição de J1604.3-2130 écaracterizado por uma grande cavidade interna que se acredita ser esculpida por planetas mais massivos que Jaºpiter, também conhecidos como planetas Super-Jovianos. Adireita: acredita-se que o disco compacto de Sz104 não contanãm planetas gigantes, uma vez que não possui as lacunas e cavidades reveladoras associadas a presença de planetas gigantes. Crédito: ALMA (ESO / NAOJ / NRAO), S. Dagnello (NRAO)
Usando dados de mais de 500 estrelas jovens observadas com o Atacama Large Millimeter / Submillimeter Array (ALMA), os cientistas descobriram uma ligação direta entre as estruturas do disco protoplanetario - os discos formadores de planetas que circundam as estrelas - e a demografia do planeta. A pesquisa prova que estrelas de maior massa são mais propensas a estar rodeadas por discos com "lacunas" neles e que essas lacunas se correlacionam diretamente com a alta ocorraªncia de exoplanetas gigantes observados em torno dessas estrelas. Esses resultados fornecem aos cientistas uma janela no tempo, permitindo-lhes prever como seriam os sistemas exoplanetarios em cada esta¡gio de sua formação.
"Encontramos uma forte correlação entre lacunas nos discos protoplanetarios e massa estelar , que pode estar ligada a presença de grandes exoplanetas gasosos", disse Nienke van der Marel, bolsista Banting do Departamento de Fasica e Astronomia da Universidade de Victoria em British Columbia, e o principal autor da pesquisa. " Estrelas de maior massa tem relativamente mais discos com lacunas do que estrelas de menor massa, consistentes com as já conhecidas correlações em exoplanetas, onde estrelas de maior massa hospedam mais frequentemente exoplanetas gigantes gasosos. Essas correlações nos dizem diretamente que lacunas em discos formadores de planetas são mais provavelmente causado por planetas gigantes com a massa de Netuno e acima. "
As lacunas nos discos protoplanetarios hámuito são consideradas como uma evidência geral da formação do planeta. No entanto, tem havido algum ceticismo devido a distância orbital observada entre os exoplanetas e suas estrelas. "Uma das principais razões pelas quais os cientistas foram canãticos sobre a ligação entre lacunas e planetas antes éque exoplanetas em a³rbitas largas de dezenas de unidades astrona´micas são raros. No entanto, exoplanetas em a³rbitas menores, entre uma e dez unidades astrona´micas, são muito mais comum ", disse Gijs Mulders, professor assistente de astronomia na Universidad Adolfo Iba¡a±ez em Santiago, Chile, e co-autor da pesquisa. "Acreditamos que os planetas que eliminam as lacunas migrara£o para o interior mais tarde."
O novo estudo éo primeiro a mostrar que o número de discos com lacunas nessas regiaµes corresponde ao número de exoplanetas gigantes em um sistema estelar. "Estudos anteriores indicaram que havia muito mais discos com lacunas do que exoplanetas gigantes detectados", disse Mulders. "Nosso estudo mostra que existem exoplanetas suficientes para explicar a frequência observada dos discos abertos em diferentes massas estelares."
A correlação também se aplica a sistemas estelares com estrelas de baixa massa, onde os cientistas são mais propensos a encontrar exoplanetas rochosos massivos, também conhecidos como Super-Terras. Van der Marel, que se tornara¡ professor assistente na Universidade de Leiden, na Holanda, a partir de setembro de 2021, disse: "Estrelas de menor massa tem superterras mais rochosas - entre uma massa terrestre e uma massa de Netuno. Discos sem lacunas, que são mais compactos levar a formação de Super-Terras. "
Esta ligação entre a massa estelar e a demografia planeta¡ria pode ajudar os cientistas a identificar quais estrelas devem visar na busca por planetas rochosos ao longo da Via La¡ctea. "Esta nova compreensão das dependaªncias de massa estelar ajudara¡ a orientar a busca por pequenos planetas rochosos como a Terra na vizinhana§a solar", disse Mulders, que também faz parte da equipe Alien Earths financiada pela NASA. "Podemos usar a massa estelar para conectar os discos de formação de planetas em torno de estrelas jovens a exoplanetas em torno de estrelas maduras. Quando um exoplaneta édetectado, o material de formação de planetas geralmente desaparece. Portanto, a massa estelar éuma 'etiqueta' que nos diz como o ambiente de formação de planetas deve ter parecido para esses exoplanetas. "
E tudo se resume a poeira. "Um elemento importante da formação do planeta éa influaªncia da evolução da poeira", disse van der Marel. "Sem planetas gigantes, a poeira sempre ira¡ se mover para dentro, criando as condições ideais para a formação de planetas rochosos menores perto da estrela."
A pesquisa atual foi conduzida usando dados de mais de 500 objetos observados em estudos anteriores usando as antenas Banda 6 e Banda 7 de alta resolução do ALMA. Atualmente, o ALMA éo aºnico telesca³pio que pode obter imagens da distribuição de poeira milimetrada em resolução angular alta o suficiente para resolver os discos de poeira e revelar sua subestrutura, ou a falta dela. "Nos últimos cinco anos, o ALMA produziu muitas pesquisas instanta¢neas de regiaµes de formação de estrelas próximas, resultando em centenas de medições da massa, tamanho e morfologia da poeira do disco ", disse van der Marel. “O grande número de propriedades de disco observadas nos permitiu fazer uma comparação estatastica de discos protoplanetarios com os milhares de exoplanetas descobertos. Esta éa primeira vez que uma massa estelar dependaªncia de discos com lacunas e discos compactos foi demonstrada com sucesso usando o telesca³pio ALMA. "
"Nossas novas descobertas ligam as belas estruturas de lacunas em discos observadas com o ALMA diretamente a s propriedades de milhares de exoplanetas detectados pela missão Kepler da NASA e outras pesquisas de exoplanetas ", disse Mulders. "Os exoplanetas e sua formação nos ajudam a situar as origens da Terra e do Sistema Solar no contexto do que vemos acontecer ao redor de outras estrelas."