Transistores de radiofrequência baseados em matrizes de nanotubos de carbono de alta pureza
A maioria das tecnologias de comunicaça£o sem fio da próxima geraça£o exige dispositivos de radiofrequência integrados que podem operar em frequências superiores a 90 GHz. Dois dos semicondutores mais usados ​​para fabricar radiofrequência
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)
Crédito: Shi et al.
A maioria das tecnologias de comunicação sem fio da próxima geração exige dispositivos de radiofrequência integrados que podem operar em frequências superiores a 90 GHz. Dois dos semicondutores mais amplamente usados ​​para fabricar dispositivos de radiofrequência são os transistores de efeito de campo (FETs) de silacio complementar de a³xido meta¡lico (CMOS) e transistores baseados em semicondutores compostos III-V, particularmente GaAs.
Ambas as tecnologias de RF de semicondutor, no entanto, são incapazes de atingir simultaneamente altas frequências de operação e são fa¡ceis de integrar nas tecnologias de comunicação sem fio. Um candidato promissor para o desenvolvimento de FETs de alta velocidade (atéfrequências terahertz) são os nanotubos de carbono semicondutores de parede única (CNTs), devido a s suas propriedades eletra´nicas e físicas favoráveis . Notavelmente, os requisitos de material dos CNTs para a fabricação de dispositivos RF anala³gicos e digitais são quase os mesmos.
Pesquisadores da Universidade de Pequim, na China, fabricaram recentemente novos transistores de RF baseados em matrizes CNT alinhadas. Esses transistores, apresentados em um artigo publicado na Nature Electronics , foram criados usando dois manãtodos distintos, uma classificação de dupla dispersão e um processo de alinhamento de interface de laquido bina¡rio.
"Os CNT FETs podem alcana§ar melhor desempenho para aplicações SoC do que silacio e tecnologias baseadas em semicondutores compostos III-V", disse Lianmao Peng, um dos pesquisadores que realizaram o estudo, a TechXplore. "No entanto, tanto a velocidade quanto o ganho dos CNT FETs ainda estãoaquanãm das previsaµes tea³ricas."
A velocidade dos FETs baseados em CNT atéagora tem sido limitada e insatisfata³ria, principalmente devido a falta de matrizes de CNT semicondutoras bem alinhadas com uma densidade adequada, alta uniformidade, alta pureza semicondutora e alta mobilidade de portadora. Para superar esses desafios e desenvolver dispositivos CNT RF de alto desempenho, os pesquisadores decidiram adaptar a estrutura dos materiais CNT.
Para fabricar seus transistores de RF, Peng e seus colegas usaram principalmente dois processos conhecidos como litografia de feixe de elanãtrons (EBL) e deposição de camada atômica (ALD). Em seguida, eles concluaram a preparação de cada uma das camadas funcionais nos dispositivos usando outro equipamento de nanofabricação, por meio do que éconhecido como um processo de decolagem de cima para baixo.
"Obtivemos matrizes de CNT para aplicação de radiofrequência por meio de um procedimento de dupla dispersão e automontagem confinada por interface laquida bina¡ria (BLIS) e realizamos a fabricação de dispositivos de radiofrequência de alto desempenho e amplificadores baseados em matrizes de CNT", disse Peng. "Quanto aos nossos objetivos prima¡rios, desejamos explorar o potencial do limite superior de frequência, o ganho de potaªncia e o potencial de desempenho de linearidade de transistores e amplificadores baseados em matriz CNT sob as condições experimentais."
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Os arranjos de nanotubos desenvolvidos por Peng e seus colegas tem uma densidade de aproximadamente 120 nanotubos por micra´metro, exibindo uma mobilidade de portador de 1.580 cm 2 V -1 s -1 e uma velocidade de saturação de até3,0x10 7 cm s -1 . Usando essas matrizes de nanotubos, os pesquisadores fabricaram FETs que alcana§aram um alto desempenho DC ao operar em frequências de ondas milimanãtricas e terahertz.
Crédito: Shi et al.
"Esperamos que a velocidade, amplificação e potencial de linearidade dos dispositivos RF CNT possam ser verdadeiramente demonstrados em experimentos", disse Peng.
Notavelmente, os transistores de RF baseados em CNT desenvolvidos por esta equipe de pesquisadores se enquadram na categoria de transistores de efeito de campo (FETs) de a³xido meta¡lico semicondutor (MOS ). Em outras palavras, o mecanismo que sustenta sua operação assemelha-se ao que permite a operação de MOSFETs.
"O transistor de RF éum dispositivo de três terminais , consistindo de um na³ de porta, na³ de origem e na³ de drenagem", disse Peng. "O na³ do portão controla o canal de condutividade entre a fonte e o na³ de drenagem."
Para possibilitar a amplificação dos sinais de radiofrequência, os transistores criados pelos pesquisadores contam com a amplificação da transconduta¢ncia do dispositivo FET. Além disso, sua velocidade de operação depende da velocidade de transporte das operadoras no canal do dispositivo.
"Tambanãm planejamos realizar amplificadores práticos baseados em CNT operando em regime de terahertz", disse Peng. "Ao integra¡-los com CIs CMOS digitais de alto desempenho baseados em CNT, esperamos aplicar eletra´nicos de alta velocidade baseados em matrizes de CNT em aplicações SoC operando em ondas milimanãtricas e atéfrequências THz."
"As principais vantagens de nossos transistores podem ser resumidas em três pontos principais", disse Peng. "Em primeiro lugar, nossos dispositivos baseados em matrizes de CNT semicondutoras de alta densidade mostram a forte capacidade de condução no estado, levando a grande transconduta¢ncia e grande corrente, o que traz a forte capacidade de amplificação de sinal de RF. Em segundo lugar, nossas matrizes de CNT exibem alta velocidade de saturação de portadora e alta mobilidade, correspondendo a frequência de corte de alto ganho de corrente (fT) e frequência de corte de ganho de potaªncia (fMAX). "
Nas avaliações iniciais, as matrizes de CNT criadas por Peng e seus colegas foram consideradas de excelente qualidade e exibiram um alto desempenho de linearidade inerente. Notavelmente, os pesquisadores foram os primeiros a empurrar o desempenho de frequência intranseca de FETs RF baseados em CNT para o regime de terahertz.
"Embora tenha sido previsto teoricamente que os CNT FETs tem potencial THz, nossos resultados são a demonstração experimental mais próxima disso", disse Peng. "Além disso, os dispositivos FETs baseados em matrizes de CNT exibem frequências de corte mais altas do que os dispositivos baseados em silacio sob o comprimento de porta semelhante e as mesmas condições de desincorporação."
As descobertas reunidas por esta equipe de pesquisadores demonstram que a velocidade de RF de dispositivos baseados em CNT pode atingir naveis desejáveis ​​delineados por previsaµes tea³ricas. No futuro, Peng e seus colegas gostariam de melhorar ainda mais o desempenho dos transistores RF baseados em CNT , otimizando ainda mais sua composição e estrutura.
"Tambanãm planejamos realizar amplificadores práticos baseados em CNT operando em regime de terahertz", disse Peng. "Ao integra¡-los com CIs CMOS digitais de alto desempenho baseados em CNT, esperamos aplicar eletra´nicos de alta velocidade baseados em matrizes de CNT em aplicações SoC operando em ondas milimanãtricas e atéfrequências THz."