Uma equipe de astrônomos liderada pelo Caltech descobriu evidaªncias para esse cena¡rio ocorrendo dentro de um objeto extremamente energanãtico conhecido como quasar.
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)
O conceito deste artista mostra dois candidatos a buracos negros supermassivos no coração de um quasar chamado PKS 2131-021. Nesta visão do sistema, a gravidade do buraco negro em primeiro plano (a direita) pode ser vista torcendo e distorcendo a luz de seu companheiro, que possui um jato poderoso. Cada buraco negro tem cerca de cem milhões de vezes a massa do nosso sol, com o buraco negro em primeiro plano sendo um pouco menos massivo. Crédito: Caltech/R. Ferido (IPAC)
Presos em uma anãpica valsa ca³smica a 9 bilhaµes de anos-luz de distância, dois buracos negros supermassivos parecem orbitar um ao redor do outro a cada dois anos. Os dois corpos gigantes tem massas que são centenas de milhões de vezes maiores que a do nosso sol, e os objetos estãoseparados por uma distância de aproximadamente 50 vezes a que separa nosso sol e Plutão. Quando o par se fundir em aproximadamente 10.000 anos, espera-se que a colisão tita¢nica agite o espaço e o pra³prio tempo, enviando ondas gravitacionais por todo o universo.
Uma equipe de astrônomos liderada pelo Caltech descobriu evidaªncias para esse cena¡rio ocorrendo dentro de um objeto extremamente energanãtico conhecido como quasar. Quasares são núcleos ativos de gala¡xias nas quais um buraco negro supermassivo estãosugando material de um disco que o circunda. Em alguns quasares, o buraco negro supermassivo cria um jato que dispara perto da velocidade da luz. O quasar observado no novo estudo, PKS 2131-021, pertence a uma subclasse de quasares chamados blazars, nos quais o jato estãoapontando para a Terra. Os astrônomos já sabiam que os quasares poderiam possuir dois buracos negros supermassivos em a³rbita, mas encontrar evidaªncias diretas disso se mostrou difacil.
Reportando no The Astrophysical Journal Letters , os pesquisadores argumentam que o PKS 2131-021 éagora o segundo candidato conhecido para um par de buracos negros supermassivos capturados no ato da fusão. O primeiro par candidato, dentro de um quasar chamado OJ 287, orbita um ao outro a distâncias maiores, circulando a cada nove anos versus os dois anos que o par PKS 2131-021 leva para completar uma a³rbita.
A evidência reveladora veio de observações de ra¡dio de PKS 2131-021 que abrangem 45 anos. De acordo com o estudo, um poderoso jato que emana de um dos dois buracos negros dentro do PKS 2131-021 estãose deslocando para frente e para trás devido ao movimento orbital do par. Isso causamudanças peria³dicas no brilho da luz de ra¡dio do quasar. Cinco observata³rios diferentes registraram essas oscilações, incluindo o Observatório de Ra¡dio Owens Valley (OVRO) da Caltech, o Observatório de Radioastronomia da Universidade de Michigan (UMRAO), o Observatório Haystack do MIT, o Observatório Nacional de Radioastronomia (NRAO), o Observatório de Ra¡dio Metsa¤hovi na Finla¢ndia e o Wide -field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satanãlite espacial.
A combinação dos dados de ra¡dio produz uma curva de luz senoidal quase perfeita, diferente de qualquer coisa observada em quasares antes.
"Quando percebemos que os picos e vales da curva de luz detectados nos últimos tempos correspondiam aos picos e vales observados entre 1975 e 1983, sabaamos que algo muito especial estava acontecendo", diz Sandra O'Neill, principal autora do novo estudo. e um estudante de graduação na Caltech que éorientado por Tony Readhead, Robinson Professor de Astronomia, Emanãrito.
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Ondulações no espaço e no tempo
A maioria das gala¡xias, se não todas, possui buracos negros monstruosos em seus núcleos, incluindo nossa própria Via La¡ctea. Quando as gala¡xias se fundem, seus buracos negros "afundam" no meio da gala¡xia recanãm-formada e eventualmente se unem para formar um buraco negro ainda mais massivo. Amedida que os buracos negros espiralam um em direção ao outro, eles perturbam cada vez mais o tecido do espaço e do tempo, enviando ondas gravitacionais , que foram previstas pela primeira vez por Albert Einstein hámais de 100 anos.
O LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) da National Science Foundation, gerenciado em conjunto pelo Caltech e pelo MIT, detecta ondas gravitacionais de pares de buracos negros com atédezenas de vezes a massa do nosso sol. No entanto, os buracos negros supermassivos nos centros das gala¡xias tem milhões a bilhaµes de vezes mais massa que o nosso Sol e emitem frequências de ondas gravitacionais mais baixas do que as detectadas pelo LIGO.
No futuro, as matrizes de temporização de pulsares osque consistem em uma matriz de estrelas mortas pulsantes monitoradas com precisão por radiotelesca³pios osdevem ser capazes de detectar as ondas gravitacionais de buracos negros supermassivos desse peso. (A próxima missão Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, ou LISA, detectaria a fusão de buracos negros cujas massas são 1.000 a 10 milhões de vezes maiores que a massa do nosso sol.) Atéagora, nenhuma onda gravitacional foi registrada de nenhuma dessas fontes mais pesadas, mas PKS 2131-021 fornece o alvo mais promissor atéagora.
Enquanto isso, as ondas de luz são a melhor opção para detectar buracos negros supermassivos coalescentes.
O primeiro candidato, OJ 287, também exibe variações peria³dicas de luz de ra¡dio. Essas flutuações são mais irregulares e não senoidais, mas sugerem que os buracos negros orbitam um ao outro a cada nove anos. Os buracos negros dentro do novo quasar, PKS 2131-021, orbitam um ao outro a cada dois anos e estãoseparados por 2.000 unidades astrona´micas, cerca de 50 vezes a distância entre nosso Sol e Plutão, ou 10 a 100 vezes mais pra³ximos do que o par em OJ 287. (Uma unidade astrona´mica éa distância entre a Terra e o Sol.)
Revelando a curva de luz de 45 anos
Readhead diz que as descobertas se desenrolaram como um "bom romance policial", comea§ando em 2008, quando ele e seus colegas começam a usar o telesca³pio de 40 metros da OVRO para estudar como os buracos negros convertem o material que eles "alimentam" em jatos relativasticos, ou jatos viajando em velocidades até99,98 por cento da luz. Eles estavam monitorando o brilho de mais de 1.000 blazares para esse fim quando, em 2020, notaram um caso aºnico.
"PKS 2131 variava não apenas periodicamente, mas também de forma sinusoidal", diz Readhead. "Isso significa que existe um padrãoque podemos trazr continuamente ao longo do tempo." A questão, diz ele, tornou-se quanto tempo esse padrãode onda senoidal estãoacontecendo?
A equipe de pesquisa então passou por dados de ra¡dio de arquivo para procurar picos anteriores nas curvas de luz que correspondiam a s previsaµes com base nas observações mais recentes do OVRO. Primeiro, os dados do Very Long Baseline Array do NRAO e do UMRAO revelaram um pico de 2005 que correspondeu a s previsaµes. Os dados do UMRAO mostraram ainda que não havia sinal senoidal por 20 anos antes disso - até1981, quando outro pico previsto foi observado.
“A história teria parado por aa, pois não percebemos que havia dados sobre esse objeto antes de 1980â€, diz Readhead. "Mas então Sandra pegou esse projeto em junho de 2021. Se não fosse por ela, essa bela descoberta estaria na prateleira."
O'Neill começou a trabalhar com Readhead e o segundo autor do estudo, Sebastian Kiehlmann, pa³s-doutorado na Universidade de Creta e ex-cientista da Caltech, como parte do programa Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) da Caltech. O'Neill começou a faculdade como química, mas aceitou o projeto de astronomia porque queria permanecer ativa durante a pandemia. "Percebi que estava muito mais empolgada com isso do que com qualquer outra coisa em que trabalhei", diz ela.
Com o projeto de volta a mesa, Readhead pesquisou na literatura e descobriu que o Observatório Haystack havia feito observações de ra¡dio de PKS 2131-021 entre 1975 e 1983. Esses dados revelaram outro pico que corresponde a s suas previsaµes, desta vez ocorrendo em 1976.
“Este trabalho mostra o valor de fazer o monitoramento preciso dessas fontes ao longo de muitos anos para realizar a ciência da descobertaâ€, diz o co-autor Roger Blandford, Moore Distinguished Scholar em Theoretical Astrophysics no Caltech, que estãoatualmente em licena§a saba¡tica da Universidade de Stanford.
Como um rela³gio
Readhead compara o sistema do jato movendo-se para frente e para trás a um rela³gio, onde cada ciclo, ou período, da onda senoidal corresponde a a³rbita de dois anos dos buracos negros (embora o ciclo observado seja na verdade cinco anos devido a luz sendo esticada pela expansão do universo). Esse tique-taque foi visto pela primeira vez em 1976 e continuou por oito anos antes de desaparecer por 20 anos, provavelmente devido amudanças no abastecimento do buraco negro. O tique-taque estãode volta há17 anos.
"O rela³gio continuou correndo", diz ele, "A estabilidade do período ao longo desse intervalo de 20 anos sugere fortemente que esse blazar abriga não um buraco negro supermassivo , mas dois buracos negros supermassivos orbitando um ao outro."
A física subjacente a s variações sinusoidais era inicialmente um mistanãrio, mas Blandford apresentou um modelo simples e elegante para explicar a forma sinusoidal das variações.
"Sabaamos que essa bela onda senoidal tinha que estar nos dizendo algo importante sobre o sistema", diz Readhead. "O modelo de Roger nos mostra que ésimplesmente o movimento orbital que faz isso. Antes de Roger descobrir, ninguanãm havia descoberto que um bina¡rio com um jato relativastico teria uma curva de luz parecida com esta."
Kiehlmann diz que seu "estudo fornece um modelo de como procurar esses binários blazares no futuro".