Uma quilonova ocorre quando duas estrelas de naªutrons osalguns dos objetos mais densos do universo osse fundem para criar uma explosão 1.000 vezes mais brilhante que uma nova cla¡ssica.
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)
A concepção de um artista ilustra as consequaªncias de uma 'kilonova', um evento poderoso que acontece quando duas estrelas de naªutrons se fundem. Crédito: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss
Pela primeira vez, astrônomos liderados pela Northwestern University podem ter detectado um brilho residual de uma kilonova.
Uma quilonova ocorre quando duas estrelas de naªutrons osalguns dos objetos mais densos do universo osse fundem para criar uma explosão 1.000 vezes mais brilhante que uma nova cla¡ssica. Nesse caso, um jato estreito e fora do eixo departículas de alta energia acompanhou o evento de fusão, apelidado de GW170817. Traªs anos e meio após a fusão, o jato desapareceu, revelando uma nova fonte de misteriosos raios-X.
Como a principal explicação para a nova fonte de raios-X, os astrofisicos acreditam que a expansão de detritos da fusão gerou um choque - semelhante ao estrondo sa´nico de um avia£o supersa´nico. Esse choque então aqueceu os materiais ao redor, o que gerou emissaµes de raios-X, conhecidas como kilonova afterglow. Uma explicação alternativa éque materiais caindo em direção a um buraco negro osformado como resultado da fusão de estrelas de naªutrons oscausaram os raios-X.
Qualquer cena¡rio seria o primeiro para o campo. O estudo foi publicado hoje (28 de fevereiro), no The Astrophysical Journal Letters .
"Entramos em territa³rio desconhecido aqui estudando as consequaªncias de uma fusão de estrelas de naªutrons", disse Aprajita Hajela, da Northwestern, que liderou o novo estudo. "Estamos olhando para algo novo e extraordina¡rio pela primeira vez. Isso nos da¡ a oportunidade de estudar e entender novos processos fasicos, que não foram observados antes."
Hajela éestudante de pós-graduação no Centro de Exploração Interdisciplinar e Pesquisa em Astrofísica da Northwestern (CIERA) e no Departamento de Fasica e Astronomia da Faculdade de Artes e Ciências de Weinberg.
Em 17 de agosto de 2017, GW170817 fez história como a primeira fusão de estrelas de naªutrons detectada tanto por ondas gravitacionais quanto por radiação eletromagnanãtica (ou luz). Desde então, os astrônomos tem usado telesca³pios em todo o mundo e no espaço para estudar o evento em todo o espectro eletromagnanãtico.
Usando o Observatório de Raios-X Chandra da NASA, os astrônomos observaram as emissaµes de raios-X de um jato movendo-se muito perto da velocidade da luz produzida pela fusão de estrelas de naªutrons. A partir do inicio de 2018, a emissão de raios X do jato diminuiu constantemente a medida que o jato continuava a desacelerar e se expandir. Hajela e sua equipe notaram então, de mara§o de 2020 atéo final de 2020, o declanio no brilho parou e a emissão de raios-X foi aproximadamente constante em brilho.
Esta foi uma pista significativa.
"O fato de que os raios X pararam de desaparecer rapidamente foi nossa melhor evidência de que algo além de um jato estãosendo detectado em raios X nesta fonte", disse Raffaella Margutti, astrofasica da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley e pesquisadora saªnior da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley. autor do estudo. "Uma fonte completamente diferente de raios-X parece ser necessa¡ria para explicar o que estamos vendo."
Os pesquisadores acreditam que um brilho residual de kilonova ou um buraco negro provavelmente estãopor trás dos raios-X. Nenhum dos cenários jamais foi observado.
“Esta seria a primeira vez que vimos um brilho residual de kilonova ou a primeira vez que vimos material caindo em um buraco negro após uma fusão de estrelas de naªutronsâ€, disse o coautor do estudo Joe Bright, também da Universidade da Califa³rnia. em Berkeley. "Qualquer resultado seria extremamente emocionante."
Para distinguir entre as duas explicações, os astrônomos continuara£o monitorando GW170817 em raios-X e ondas de ra¡dio. Se for um brilho residual de kilonova, espera-se que as emissaµes de raios-X e ra¡dio fiquem mais brilhantes nos pra³ximos meses ou anos. Se a explicação envolver matéria caindo em um buraco negro recanãm-formado, então a saada de raios X deve permanecer esta¡vel ou diminuir rapidamente, e nenhuma emissão de ra¡dio serádetectada ao longo do tempo.
"Um estudo adicional de GW170817 pode ter implicações de longo alcance", disse a coautora do estudo Kate Alexander, pa³s-doutoranda do CIERA na Northwestern. "A detecção de um brilho residual de kilonova implicaria que a fusão não produziu imediatamente um buraco negro. Alternativamente, este objeto pode oferecer aos astrônomos a chance de estudar como a matéria cai em um buraco negro alguns anos após seu nascimento."