Agora, um estudo que inclui pesquisas da Universidade de Michigan sugere que as bolhas são resultado de um poderoso jato de atividade do buraco negro supermassivo no centro da Via La¡ctea.
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)
A equipe de visualização da NASA criou uma superposição de uma imagem da Via La¡ctea, tirada pelo observata³rio espacial Gaia da Agência Espacial Europeia, e uma visualização das simulações das bolhas eRosita e Fermi preparadas por Karen Yang (autora principal do estudo e assistente professor da Universidade Nacional Tsing Hua em Taiwan) em cooperação com os coautores do artigo Mateusz Ruszkowski (Universidade de Michigan) e Ellen Zweibel (Universidade de Wisconsin). Crédito: ESA/Gaia/DPAC, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Em 2020, o telesca³pio de raios-X eRosita capturou imagens de duas enormes bolhas que se estendem muito acima e abaixo do centro de nossa gala¡xia.
Desde então, os astrônomos debatem sua origem. Agora, um estudo que inclui pesquisas da Universidade de Michigan sugere que as bolhas são resultado de um poderoso jato de atividade do buraco negro supermassivo no centro da Via La¡ctea. O estudo, publicado na Nature Astronomy , também mostra que o jato começou a expelir material hácerca de 2,6 milhões de anos e durou cerca de 100.000 anos.
Os resultados da equipe sugerem que as bolhas de Fermi, descobertas em 2010, e a nanãvoa de micro-ondas osuma nanãvoa departículas carregadas aproximadamente no centro da gala¡xia osforam formadas pelo mesmo jato de energia do buraco negro supermassivo. O estudo foi liderado pela Universidade Nacional Tsing Hua em colaboração com a UM e a Universidade de Wisconsin.
“Nossas descobertas são importantes no sentido de que precisamos entender como os buracos negros interagem com as gala¡xias em que estãodentro, porque essa interação permite que esses buracos negros cresa§am de maneira controlada, em vez de [crescer] incontrolavelmenteâ€, diz o astra´nomo da UM. Mateusz Ruszkowski, coautor do estudo. "Se vocêacredita no modelo dessas bolhas Fermi ou eRosita como sendo impulsionadas por buracos negros supermassivos , vocêpode comea§ar a responder a essas perguntas profundas."
Existem dois modelos concorrentes que explicam essas bolhas, chamadas bolhas de Fermi e eRosita, em homenagem aos telesca³pios que as nomearam, diz Ruszkowski. A primeira sugere que o fluxo éimpulsionado por uma explosão nuclear, na qual uma estrela explode em uma supernova e expele material. O segundo modelo, que as descobertas da equipe apoiam, sugere que esses fluxos são impulsionados pela energia lana§ada de um buraco negro supermassivo no centro de nossa gala¡xia.
Esses fluxos de buracos negros ocorrem quando o material viaja em direção ao buraco negro, mas nunca cruza o horizonte de eventos do buraco negro, ou asuperfÍcie matemática abaixo da qual nada pode escapar. Como parte desse material élana§ado de volta ao Espaço, os buracos negros não crescem incontrolavelmente. Mas a energia lana§ada do buraco negro desloca material pra³ximo ao buraco negro, criando essas grandes bolhas.
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As próprias estruturas tem 11 kiloparsecs de altura. Um parsec éequivalente a 3,26 anos-luz, ou cerca de três vezes a distância que a luz percorre ao longo de um ano. As estruturas, então, tem quase 36.000 anos-luz de altura.
Para comparação, a Via La¡ctea tem 30 kiloparsecs de dia¢metro, e nosso sistema solar reside a cerca de 8 kiloparsecs do centro da gala¡xia. As bolhas eRosita são cerca de duas vezes o tamanho das bolhas de Fermi e são expandidas pela onda de energia, ou uma onda de choque, empurrada pelas bolhas de Fermi, de acordo com os pesquisadores.
Os astrônomos estãointeressados ​​na observação dessas bolhas eRosita em particular porque elas ocorrem em nosso pra³prio quintal gala¡ctico, em oposição a objetos em uma gala¡xia diferente ou a uma distância cosmola³gica extrema. Nossa proximidade com as saadas significa que os astrônomos podem coletar uma enorme quantidade de dados, diz Ruszkowski. Esses dados podem dizer aos astrônomos a quantidade de energia no jato do buraco negro, quanto tempo essa energia foi injetada e qual material compaµe as bolhas.
“Na³s não apenas podemos descartar o modelo starburst, mas também podemos ajustar os parametros necessa¡rios para produzir as mesmas imagens, ou algo muito semelhante ao que estãono canãu, dentro desse modelo de buraco negro supermassivoâ€, diz Ruszkowski. “Podemos restringir melhor certas coisas, como quanta energia foi bombeada, o que hádentro dessas bolhas e por quanto tempo a energia foi injetada para produzir essas bolhasâ€.
O que hádentro deles? Raios ca³smicos, uma forma de radiação de alta energia. As bolhas eRosita envolvem as bolhas Fermi, cujo conteaºdo édesconhecido. Mas os modelos dos pesquisadores podem prever a quantidade de raios ca³smicos dentro de cada uma das estruturas. A injeção de energia do buraco negro inflava as bolhas, e a própria energia estava na forma de energia cinanãtica, tanãrmica e de raios ca³smicos. Destas formas de energia, a missão Fermi são conseguiu detectar o sinal de raios gama dos raios ca³smicos.
Karen Yang, principal autora do estudo e professora assistente da Universidade Nacional Tsing Hua em Taiwan, começou a trabalhar em uma versão inicial do ca³digo usado na modelagem deste artigo como pesquisadora de pa³s-doutorado na UM com Ruszkowski. Para chegar a s suas conclusaµes, os pesquisadores realizaram simulações numanãricas de liberação de energia que levam em conta hidrodina¢mica, gravidade e raios ca³smicos.
"Nossa simulação éúnica porque leva em conta a interação entre os raios ca³smicos e o gás dentro da Via La¡ctea. Os raios ca³smicos , injetados com os jatos do buraco negro, se expandem e formam as bolhas de Fermi que brilham em raios gama," diz Yang.
"A mesma explosão empurra o gás para longe do centro gala¡ctico e forma uma onda de choque que éobservada como bolhas de eRosita. A nova observação das bolhas de eRosita nos permitiu restringir com mais precisão a duração da atividade do buraco negro e entender melhor a história passada de nossa própria gala¡xia."
O modelo dos pesquisadores descarta a teoria do starburst nuclear porque a duração tapica de um starburst nuclear e, portanto, o período de tempo em que um starburst injetaria a energia que forma as bolhas, éde cerca de 10 milhões de anos, de acordo com o coautor do estudo. Ellen Zweibel, professora de astronomia e física da Universidade de Wisconsin.
"Por outro lado, nosso modelo de buraco negro ativo prevaª com precisão os tamanhos relativos das bolhas de raios X eRosita e as bolhas de raios gama Fermi, desde que o tempo de injeção de energia seja cerca de 1% disso, ou um danãcimo de milha£o de anos, ", diz Zweibel.
"Injetar energia ao longo de 10 milhões de anos produziria bolhas com uma aparaªncia completamente diferente. a‰ a oportunidade de comparar as bolhas de raios X e raios gama que fornecem a pea§a crucial que faltava anteriormente."
Os pesquisadores usaram dados da missão eRosita, do Telescópio Espacial de Raios Gama Fermi da NASA, do Observatório Planck e da Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe.