No centro de quase todas as gala¡xias háum buraco negro supermassivo que éde milhões a bilhaµes de vezes mais massivo que o sol. Compreender os buracos negros e como eles se tornam supermassivos pode esclarecer a evolua§a£o do universo.
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Gra¡fico de resumo das restrições e regiaµes preferidas do nosso modelo no plano de massa SMBH-axion. A regia£o verde mostra as massas SMBH observadas no redshift ∼6–7. A regia£o azul corresponde a s restrições da superradia¢ncia BH (BHSR), a regia£o cinza mostra as restrições das medidas da floresta Lyman-α e na regia£o vermelha o comprimento de onda de DM excede as menores estruturas DM observadas, o que fornece um limite inferior na massa DM (veja o texto principal para mais detalhes). As regiaµes laranja e roxa fornecem dois cenários de referaªncia para a relação entre a massa do a¡xion e a massa primordial SMBH dada na Eq. (5) com f a = 10 17 GeV (roxo) e f a = 10 18GeV (laranja). A intensidade da cor representa uma diminuição em ϵ′ de 1 para 0,01. Crédito: Cartas de Revisão Fasica (2022). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.081101
Os buracos negros estãoentre os mistanãrios mais convincentes do universo. Nada, nem mesmo a luz, pode escapar de um buraco negro. E no centro de quase todas as gala¡xias háum buraco negro supermassivo que éde milhões a bilhaµes de vezes mais massivo que o sol. Compreender os buracos negros e como eles se tornam supermassivos pode esclarecer a evolução do universo.
Traªs fasicos do Laborata³rio Nacional Brookhaven do Departamento de Energia dos EUA (DOE) desenvolveram recentemente um modelo para explicar a formação de buracos negros supermassivos, bem como a natureza de outro fena´meno: a matéria escura . Em um artigo publicado na Physical Review Letters , os fasicos teóricos Hooman Davoudiasl, Peter Denton e Julia Gehrlein descrevem uma transição de fase cosmola³gica que facilitou a formação de buracos negros supermassivos em um setor escuro do universo .
Uma transição de fase cosmola³gica ésemelhante a um tipo mais familiar de transição de fase: ferver a a¡gua. Quando a águaatinge a temperatura exata, ela explode em bolhas e vapor. Imagine esse processo ocorrendo com um estado primordial da matéria. Em seguida, inverta o processo para que tenha um efeito de resfriamento e amplie-o na escala do universo.
“Antes da existaªncia das gala¡xias, o universo era quente e denso, e isso estãobem estabelecido. . "Podemos prever o que aconteceu com aspartículas conhecidas porque elas interagem com frequência. Mas e se houverpartículas ainda não conhecidas por aa com um desempenho diferente?"
Para explorar essa questão, a equipe de Brookhaven desenvolveu um modelo para um setor escuro do universo, onde aspartículas ainda a serem descobertas abundam e raramente interagem. Entre essaspartículas pode estar a matéria escura ultraleve, prevista para ser 28 ordens de magnitude mais leve que um pra³ton. A matéria escura nunca foi observada diretamente, mas os fasicos acreditam que ela compaµe a maior parte da matéria do universo com base em seus efeitos gravitacionais.
“A frequência de interações entrepartículas conhecidas sugere que a matéria, como a conhecemos, não teria colapsado em buracos negros com muita eficiênciaâ€, disse Denton. “Mas, se houvesse um setor escuro com matéria escura ultraleve, o universo primitivo poderia ter tido as condições certas para uma forma muito eficiente de colapsoâ€.
Observações recentes sugeriram buracos negros supermassivos formados no inicio do universo, muito antes do que os fasicos pensavam anteriormente. Esta descoberta deixa pouco tempo para explicar o crescimento de buracos negros supermassivos . Os fasicos sabem que os buracos negros adquirem massa principalmente por dois meios. Uma maneira, chamada de acreção, équando a matéria, principalmente poeira, cai em buracos negros. Mas háum limite para a velocidade pela qual a matéria pode se acumular em buracos negros por acreção. A segunda maneira éatravanãs de colisaµes gala¡cticas, durante as quais dois buracos negros podem se fundir; no entanto, no inicio do universo, as gala¡xias estavam apenas comea§ando a se formar. Então, os fasicos ficaram se perguntando como essas antigas maravilhas cosmola³gicas cresceram tão rapidamente. Partículas de matéria escura ultraleve podem ser a pea§a que faltava.
"Teorizamos como aspartículas no setor escuro podem passar por uma transição de fase que permite que a matéria colapse de forma muito eficiente em buracos negros ", disse Denton. "Quando a temperatura do universo estãocerta, a pressão pode cair repentinamente para umnívelmuito baixo, permitindo que a gravidade assuma o controle e a matéria entre em colapso. Nossa compreensão daspartículas conhecidas indica que esse processo normalmente não aconteceria."
Tal transição de fase seria um evento drama¡tico, mesmo para algo tão espetacular quanto o universo.
"Esses colapsos são um grande problema. Eles emitem ondas gravitacionais ", disse Denton. “Essas ondas tem uma forma característica, então fazemos uma previsão para esse sinal e sua faixa de frequência esperadaâ€.
Os atuais experimentos de ondas gravitacionais não são sensaveis o suficiente para validar a teoria, mas os experimentos de próxima geração podem ser capazes de detectar sinais dessas ondas. E com base na forma característica das ondas, os fasicos puderam então se aprofundar nos detalhes da formação de buracos negros supermassivos . Atéla¡, os teóricos de Brookhaven continuara£o a avaliar novos dados e refinar seu modelo.