As descobertas, publicadas em 25 de mara§o na revista Nature Communications , demonstram que as ondas de assobio são responsa¡veis ​​por muito mais chuva de elanãtrons do que as teorias atuais e os modelos de clima espacial predizem.
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)
Elanãtrons em um cintura£o de radiação de Van Allen (azul) encontram ondas de assobio (roxo) e são enviados chovendo em direção ao polo norte (vermelho). Os satanãlites THEMIS são vistos perto do cintura£o de radiação, enquanto o ELFIN da UCLA paira acima da Terra. Crédito: Zhang, et al., Nature Communications , 2022
Cientistas da UCLA descobriram uma nova fonte de elanãtrons super-ra¡pidos e energanãticos chovendo na Terra, um fena´meno que contribui para a colorida aurora boreal, mas também representa riscos para satanãlites, Espaçonaves e astronautas.
Os pesquisadores observaram "precipitação de elanãtrons" inesperada e rápida da a³rbita baixa da Terra usando a missão ELFIN, um par de pequenos satanãlites construados e operados no campus da UCLA por estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação guiados por uma pequena equipe de mentores.
Ao combinar os dados do ELFIN com observações mais distantes da Espaçonave THEMIS da NASA, os cientistas determinaram que a chuva repentina foi causada por ondas de assobio, um tipo de onda eletromagnanãtica que ondula atravanãs do plasma no espaço e afeta os elanãtrons na magnetosfera da Terra, fazendo com que eles " transbordar" para a atmosfera.
Suas descobertas, publicadas em 25 de mara§o na revista Nature Communications , demonstram que as ondas de assobio são responsa¡veis ​​por muito mais chuva de elanãtrons do que as teorias atuais e os modelos de clima espacial predizem.
"ELFIN éo primeiro satanãlite a medir esses elanãtrons super-ra¡pidos", disse Xiaojia Zhang, principal autor e pesquisador do departamento de ciências da Terra, planeta¡rias e espaciais da UCLA. "A missão estãogerando novos insights devido ao seu ponto de vista aºnico na cadeia de eventos que os produz."
Central para essa cadeia de eventos éo ambiente espacial pra³ximo a Terra, que épreenchido compartículas carregadas orbitando em ananãis gigantes ao redor do planeta, chamados cinturaµes de radiação de Van Allen. Os elanãtrons nesses cinturaµes viajam em espirais semelhantes a Slinky que literalmente saltam entre os polos norte e sul da Terra. Sob certas condições, ondas de assobio são geradas dentro dos cinturaµes de radiação, energizando e acelerando os elanãtrons. Isso efetivamente estica tanto o caminho de viagem dos elanãtrons que eles caem dos cinturaµes e precipitam na atmosfera, criando a chuva de elanãtrons.
Chuva de elanãtrons, que pode causar a aurora boreal e impactar os satanãlites em a³rbita
e a química atmosfanãrica. Crédito: NASA, Emmanuel Masongsong/UCLA
Pode-se imaginar os cinturaµes de Van Allen como um grande reservata³rio cheio de águaosou, neste caso, elanãtrons, disse Vassilis Angelopolous, professor de física espacial da UCLA e investigador principal do ELFIN. Amedida que o reservata³rio enche, a águaperiodicamente desce em espiral para um dreno de alavio para evitar que a bacia transborde. Mas quando ocorrem grandes ondas no reservata³rio, a águaborbulhante transborda pela borda, mais rápido e em maior volume do que a drenagem do relevo. O ELFIN, que estãoa jusante de ambos os fluxos, écapaz de medir adequadamente as contribuições de cada um.
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As medições de chuva de elanãtrons de baixa altitude pelo ELFIN, combinadas com as observações THEMIS de ondas de assobio no espaço e modelagem computacional sofisticada, permitiram que a equipe entendesse em detalhes o processo pelo qual as ondas fazem com que torrentes rápidas de elanãtrons fluam para a atmosfera.
As descobertas são particularmente importantes porque as teorias atuais e os modelos de clima espacial, embora considerem outras fontes de elanãtrons que entram na atmosfera, não preveem esse fluxo extra de elanãtrons induzido por ondas de assobio, que pode afetar a química atmosfanãrica da Terra, representar riscos para naves espaciais e danificar baixas -satanãlites em a³rbita.
Os pesquisadores mostraram ainda que esse tipo de perda de elanãtrons do cintura£o de radiação para a atmosfera pode aumentar significativamente durante tempestades geomagnanãticas , distúrbios causados ​​pelo aumento da atividade solar que podem afetar o espaço pra³ximo a Terra e o ambiente magnético da Terra.
"Embora o espaço seja comumente pensado para ser separado da nossa atmosfera superior, os dois estãoinextricavelmente ligados", disse Angelopoulos. “Entender como eles estãoligados pode beneficiar satanãlites e astronautas que passam pela regia£o, que são cada vez mais importantes para o comanãrcio, telecomunicações e turismo espacialâ€.
Desde a sua criação em 2013, mais de 300 estudantes da UCLA trabalharam no ELFIN (Electron Losses and Fields research), que éfinanciado pela NASA e pela National Science Foundation. Os dois microssatanãlites, cada um do tamanho de um pa£o e pesando cerca de 8 quilos, foram lana§ados em a³rbita em 2018 e, desde então, observam a atividade de elanãtrons energanãticos e ajudam os cientistas a entender melhor o efeito das tempestades magnanãticas nas proximidades. -Espaço terrestre. Os satanãlites são operados a partir do Centro de Operações da Missão da UCLA no campus.
"a‰ muito gratificante ter aumentado nosso conhecimento de ciência espacial usando dados do hardware que construamos", disse Colin Wilkins, coautor da pesquisa atual, lider de instrumentos no ELFIN e estudante de doutorado em física espacial no departamento. das ciências da Terra, planeta¡rias e espaciais.