Em um mar de a¢ngulos ma¡gicos, 'torções' mantem os elanãtrons fluindo atravanãs de três camadas de grafeno
Com apenas duas finas folhas de carbono, os pesquisadores descobriram um dispositivo simples para estudar o fluxo de eletricidade sem resistência, entre outros fena´menos relacionados ao movimento de elanãtrons atravanãs de um material.
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)
Nas três camadas de grafeno descritas aqui, o a¢ngulo de torção local pode variar de cerca de 1,5 graus (azul) - pra³ximo ao "a¢ngulo ma¡gico" para este dispositivo - a cerca de 1,9 graus (vermelho). A seta mostra um va³rtice de a¢ngulo de torção, ou twiston. Essas áreas de desordem ajudam a tornar o dispositivo geral mais organizado. Crédito: Simon Turkel
A descoberta da supercondutividade em duas camadas levemente torcidas de grafeno causou ondas hálguns anos na comunidade de materiais qua¢nticos. Com apenas duas finas folhas de carbono, os pesquisadores descobriram um dispositivo simples para estudar o fluxo de eletricidade sem resistência, entre outros fena´menos relacionados ao movimento de elanãtrons atravanãs de um material.
Mas, o a¢ngulo de torção entre as duas camadas tem que ser o certo - no chamado a¢ngulo "ma¡gico" de 1,1 graus - para que os fena´menos sejam observados. Isso porque os a¡tomos nas camadas querem resistir a torção e 'relaxar' ​​de volta a um a¢ngulo zero, explica Joshua Swann, Ph.D. estudante no Dean Lab em Columbia. Amedida que os a¢ngulos ma¡gicos desaparecem, a supercondutividade também desaparece.
Adicionar uma terceira camada de grafeno melhora as chances de encontrar supercondutividade, mas o motivo não éclaro. Escrevendo na Science , pesquisadores da Columbia revelam novos detalhes sobre a estrutura física do grafeno de três camadas que ajudam a explicar por que três camadas são melhores que duas para estudar a supercondutividade.
Usando um microsca³pio capaz de obter imagens atéonívelde a¡tomos individuais, a equipe viu que grupos de a¡tomos em algumas áreas estavam se transformando no que Simon Turkel, um Ph.D. estudante do Laborata³rio de Pasupatia, apelidado de "twistons". Esses twistons apareceram de forma ordenada, permitindo que o dispositivo como um todo mantivesse melhor os a¢ngulos ma¡gicos necessa¡rios para que a supercondutividade ocorresse.
a‰ um resultado encorajador, disse Swann, que construiu o dispositivo para o estudo. "Eu fiz 20 ou 30 dispositivos de grafeno de duas camadas e vi talvez dois ou três que supercondutores", disse ele. "Com três camadas, vocêpode explorar propriedades difaceis de estudar em sistemas de duas camadas."
Essas propriedades se sobrepaµem a uma classe de materiais complexos chamados cupratos, que superconduzem a uma temperatura relativamente alta de -220 ° F. Uma melhor compreensão das origens da supercondutividade pode ajudar os pesquisadores a desenvolver fios que não perdera£o energia enquanto conduzem eletricidade ou dispositivos que não precisara£o ser mantidos em baixas temperaturas dispendiosas.
No futuro, os pesquisadores esperam vincular o que veem em suas varreduras com medições de fena´menos qua¢nticos em dispositivos de três camadas. “Se pudermos controlar esses twistons, que dependem da incompatibilidade de a¢ngulos entre as camadas superior e inferior do dispositivo, podemos fazer estudos sistema¡ticos de seus efeitos na supercondutividade â€, disse Turkel. "a‰ uma questãoem aberto emocionante."